Mt Churchill White River North Lobe
Start: 1900 yBP [1]
Event Type: Explosive
Max VEI: 6 [2]
Description: From Preece and others (2014): "The White River Ash (WRA) is an important Holocene chronostratigraphic marker through-out eastern Alaska (USA) and in Yukon and western Northwest Territories (Canada) (Lerbekmo and Campbell, 1969; Pewe, 1975), and provides age control for peat studies (Harris and Schmidt, 1994; Robinson and Moore, 1999, 2000), glacial fluctuations (Denton and Karlen, 1977), paleoecological studies (Slater, 1985), and archaeological and anthropological studies (Workman, 1979; Moodie and others, 1992) (Fig. 1 [in original text]). WRA has been defined by its geographic distribution and its stratigraphic position, combined with radiocarbon dating, with less emphasis on its petrographic and geochemical features. The northern lobe erupted between A.D. 150 and 500 (Jensen and Froese, 2006) or ca. 1900 yr B.P. (Lerbekmo and others, 1975), while the eastern lobe erupted A.D. 803 or 1147 cal. yr B.P. (Clague and others, 1995)."
"The exact vent area of the WRA has been disputed, and two possible locations have been suggested. Lerbekmo and Campbell (1969) postulated that the WRA vent was located on the floor of a deep valley beneath the Klutlan Glacier near what they identified as a large pumice mound (4 in Fig. 2 [of original text]). McGimsey and others (1992) and Richter and others (1995) questioned the likelihood of a vent located at the floor of a valley lacking an edifice or nearby volcano, and proposed that Mount Churchill was the vent. Lerbekmo (2008) questioned whether Mount Churchill was a volcano, and reiterated that the vent for WRA was underneath the Klutlan Glacier."
"The WRA consists of a single light colored tephra layer in most distal exposures, but in a few places both the northern and eastern lobes are preserved in stratigraphic succession."
From Richter and others (1995): "The White River Ash is a bilobate Plinian fallout deposit covering more than 340,000 km square and containing an estimated 25-50 km cubed of tephra (bulk volume) (Bostock 1952; Berger 1960) (Fig. 1 [in original text])."
From Lerbekmo and others (1975): "A northern lobe and an eastern lobe have axis lengths in excess of 500 and 1000 km respectively."
From Preece and others (2014): "Unfortunately, glass compositions are similar in the northern and eastern lobes of the WRA tephra, and published analyses cover a significant range, making it difficult to assign a particular tephra sample to a specific lobe (Addison and others, 2010; Payne and others, 2008; Lakeman and others, 2008; Froese and Jensen, 2005; Richter and others, 1995; Beget and others, 1992; Downes, 1985)."
"Tephra samples of the WRA contain phenocrysts of plagioclase, amphibole, magnetite, ilmenite, and trace amounts of orthopyroxene and apatite within highly vesicular, frothy color-less glass (Table S8 in the Supplemental File [see footnote 1] [of original text])...Biotite was not found in any of the northern lobe samples, although two samples contained trace amounts of reddish-brown phenocrysts tentatively identified as oxyhornblende (Table S8 in the Supplemental File [see footnote 1] [of original text])."
"Previous studies have demonstrated that the eastern and northern lobes of the WRA have different ilmenite compositional ranges (Lerbekmo and others, 1975; Downes, 1985; Richter and others, 1995) and this distinction has been used to define geochemical groups WRA-E and WRA-N."
"WRA deposits can be assigned to WRA-E or WRA-N, and are best identified using ilmenite compositions. Within WRA-N there are two distinctive compositions, WRA-Na and WRA-Nb. In the proximal area, ca. 1900 yr B.P. (Lerbekmo and others, 1975) WRA-Na displays increasing silica content accompanied by systematic changes in trace element compositions, Fe-Ti oxide compositions, and temperature-fugacity estimates. WRA-Nb may represent either a restricted phase of the WRA-Na or a separate eruption from the Mount Churchill magmatic system."
The Global database on large magnitude explosive volcanic eruptions (LaMEVE; 2017) reports a magnitude of 6.2 bulk eruptive volume of 25 cubic km and a dense rock equivalent eruptive volume of 10.42 cubic km for the eruption.
"The exact vent area of the WRA has been disputed, and two possible locations have been suggested. Lerbekmo and Campbell (1969) postulated that the WRA vent was located on the floor of a deep valley beneath the Klutlan Glacier near what they identified as a large pumice mound (4 in Fig. 2 [of original text]). McGimsey and others (1992) and Richter and others (1995) questioned the likelihood of a vent located at the floor of a valley lacking an edifice or nearby volcano, and proposed that Mount Churchill was the vent. Lerbekmo (2008) questioned whether Mount Churchill was a volcano, and reiterated that the vent for WRA was underneath the Klutlan Glacier."
"The WRA consists of a single light colored tephra layer in most distal exposures, but in a few places both the northern and eastern lobes are preserved in stratigraphic succession."
From Richter and others (1995): "The White River Ash is a bilobate Plinian fallout deposit covering more than 340,000 km square and containing an estimated 25-50 km cubed of tephra (bulk volume) (Bostock 1952; Berger 1960) (Fig. 1 [in original text])."
From Lerbekmo and others (1975): "A northern lobe and an eastern lobe have axis lengths in excess of 500 and 1000 km respectively."
From Preece and others (2014): "Unfortunately, glass compositions are similar in the northern and eastern lobes of the WRA tephra, and published analyses cover a significant range, making it difficult to assign a particular tephra sample to a specific lobe (Addison and others, 2010; Payne and others, 2008; Lakeman and others, 2008; Froese and Jensen, 2005; Richter and others, 1995; Beget and others, 1992; Downes, 1985)."
"Tephra samples of the WRA contain phenocrysts of plagioclase, amphibole, magnetite, ilmenite, and trace amounts of orthopyroxene and apatite within highly vesicular, frothy color-less glass (Table S8 in the Supplemental File [see footnote 1] [of original text])...Biotite was not found in any of the northern lobe samples, although two samples contained trace amounts of reddish-brown phenocrysts tentatively identified as oxyhornblende (Table S8 in the Supplemental File [see footnote 1] [of original text])."
"Previous studies have demonstrated that the eastern and northern lobes of the WRA have different ilmenite compositional ranges (Lerbekmo and others, 1975; Downes, 1985; Richter and others, 1995) and this distinction has been used to define geochemical groups WRA-E and WRA-N."
"WRA deposits can be assigned to WRA-E or WRA-N, and are best identified using ilmenite compositions. Within WRA-N there are two distinctive compositions, WRA-Na and WRA-Nb. In the proximal area, ca. 1900 yr B.P. (Lerbekmo and others, 1975) WRA-Na displays increasing silica content accompanied by systematic changes in trace element compositions, Fe-Ti oxide compositions, and temperature-fugacity estimates. WRA-Nb may represent either a restricted phase of the WRA-Na or a separate eruption from the Mount Churchill magmatic system."
The Global database on large magnitude explosive volcanic eruptions (LaMEVE; 2017) reports a magnitude of 6.2 bulk eruptive volume of 25 cubic km and a dense rock equivalent eruptive volume of 10.42 cubic km for the eruption.
Impact: From Mullen (2012): "Although the small area and lack of investigation preclude the analysis of the area directly affected [by deposition of the northern lobe of the WRA], the surrounding areas all show significant increases in radiocarbon date frequencies following the eruption. While a decrease in population in the area of the northern eruption cannot be demonstrated, a pulse into the surrounding areas is consistent with migration from the affected area. The consequences of this event on the cultures of the area are as yet unstudied, but could prove fertile for future investigation."
From Moodie (1992): "...ancestors of the Dene had occupied areas exposed to the activities of the White River volcano and that subsequent to these events they took up the geographical positions in the Mackenzie valley where they were first met by Europeans."
"The findings of this article further suggest that the earlier north lobe eruption was also a significant event in the ancient history of the northern Athapaskans. Although smaller, it falls within the category of "paroxysmal" eruptions and was also massive. It too would have laid waste to a huge area of subarctic terrain and cannot be dismissed as a cause of population displacements."
From Workman (1979): "Assuming that the same [wind] pattern prevailed in the past, one might suggest that the probabilities favored a winter emplacement of the East Lobe and a summer emplacement of the earlier North Lobe." [31] [39] [40]
Images
References Cited
[1] Chemical complexity and source of the White River Ash, Alaska and Yukon, 2014
Preece, S.J., McGimsey, R.G., Westgate, J.A., Pearce, N.J.G., Hart, W.K., and Perkins, W.T., 2014, Chemical complexity and source of the White River Ash, Alaska and Yukon: Geosphere, v. 10, n.5., p. 1020-1042, doi: 10.1130/GES00953.1[2] Volcanoes of the World, 2013
Global Volcanism Program, 2013, Volcanoes of the World, v. 4.5.3. Venzke, E (ed.): Smithsonian Institution. Downloaded 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.VOTW4-2013[3] Evidence for magma heterogeneity in the White River Ash (Yukon Territory), 1985
Downes, Hilary, 1985, Evidence for magma heterogeneity in the White River Ash (Yukon Territory): Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences [Journal Canadien des Sciences de la Terre], v. 22, n. 6, p. 929-934.[4] Size distribution of the White River Ash, Yukon Territory, 1965
Hanson, L. W., 1965, Size distribution of the White River Ash, Yukon Territory: University of Alberta M.S. thesis, 59 p.[5] New data on the character and history of the White River volcanic eruption, Alaska, 1975
Lerbekmo, J. F., Westgate, J. A., Smith, D. G. W., and Denton, G. H., 1975, New data on the character and history of the White River volcanic eruption, Alaska: in Quaternary studies: selected papers from IX INQUA congress, Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin 0013, p. 203-209.[6] Extending the Late Holocene White River Ash distribution, northwestern Canada, 2001
Robinson, S.D., 2001, Extending the Late Holocene White River Ash distribution, northwestern Canada: Arctic, v. 54, n. 2, p. 157-161.[7] Resedimentation of the late Holocene White River ash, Yukon Territory, Canada and Alaska, USA, 2007
West, K.D., 2007, Resedimentation of the late Holocene White River ash, Yukon Territory, Canada, and Alaska, USA: Carleton University Ph.D. dissertation, 269 p.[8] The White River ash: largest Holocene plinian tephra, 2008
Lerbekmo, J.F., 2008, The White River ash: largest Holocene plinian tephra: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 45, n. 6, p. 693-700.[9] Geology of northwest Shakwak Valley, Yukon Territory, 1952
Bostock, H.S., 1952, Geology of northwest Shakwak Valley, Yukon Territory: Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 267.[10] An expedition through the Yukon District, 1892
Hayes, C.W., 1892, An expedition through the Yukon District: The National Geographic Magazine v. 4, p. 117-162.
Full-text PDF 8.9 MB [11] A reconnaissance in the White and Tanana River Basins, Alaska, in 1898, 1900
Brooks, A.H., 1900, A reconnaissance in the White and Tanana River Basins, Alaska, in 1898: in Explorations in Alaska in 1898, U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report v. 20, n. 7, p. 425-494.
Full-text PDF 39 MB [12] An ancient volcanic eruption in the upper Yukon basin, 1915
Capps, S. R., 1915, An ancient volcanic eruption in the upper Yukon basin: in Shorter contributions to general geology, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper PP 0095-D, p. 59-64.
full-text PDF 392 KB [13] Mineral Resources of the Nabesna-White River District, Alaska, 1910
Moffit, F.H., and Knopf, A., 1910, Mineral resources of the Nabesna-White River District, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 417, 64 p.
Full-text PDF 5 MB [14] Distribution, composition, and source of the White River Ash, Yukon Territory, 1969
Lerbekmo, J. F., and Campbell, F. A., 1969, Distribution, composition, and source of the White River Ash, Yukon Territory: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences [Journal Canadien des Sciences de la Terre], v. 6, n. 1, p. 109-116.[15] The Upper Chitina Valley, Alaska, 1918
Moffit, F.H., and Overbeck, R.M., 1918, The Upper Chitina Valley, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 675, 82 p.
Full-text PDF 7.8 MB [16] Radiocarbon dates relating to a widespread volcanic ash deposit, eastern Alaska, 1962
Fernald, A. T., 1962, Radiocarbon dates relating to a widespread volcanic ash deposit, eastern Alaska: in Short papers in Geology, Hydrology, and Topography, Articles 1-59, Geological Survey Research 1962, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper PP 0450-B, p. B29-B30.
full-text PDF 39 KB [17] Geological Survey of Canada radiocarbon dates VII, 1968
Lowdon, J.A., and Blake, Jr., W., 1968, Geological Survey of Canada radiocarbon dates VII: Radiocarbon, v. 10, p. 207-245.[18] Temporal distinction between lobes of the White River Ash by composition of iron-titanium oxide minerals, 1972
Lerbekmo, J. F., and Smith, D. G. W., 1972, Temporal distinction between lobes of the White River Ash by composition of iron-titanium oxide minerals [abs.]: Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, v. 4, n. 3, p. 190.[19] Recent history of the upper Tanana River lowland, Alaska, 1965
Fernauld, A.T., 1965, Recent history of the upper Tanana River lowland, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 525-C, p. C124-C127.
Full-text PDF 908 KB [20] Holocene glacial and tree-line variations in the White River Valley and Skolai Pass, Alaska and Yukon Territory, 1977
Denton, G.H., and Karlen, W., 1977, Holocene glacial and tree-line variations in the White River Valley and Skolai Pass, Alaska and Yukon Territory: Quaternary Research, v. 7, p. 63-111, doi: 10.1016/0033-5894 (77)90014-X[21] Holocene glacial and tree-line variations in the White River Valley and Skolai Pass. Alaska and Yukon Territory - A discussion, 1978
Rampton, V.N., 1978, Holocene glacial and tree-line variations in the White River Valley and Skolai Pass. Alaska and Yukon Territory - A discussion: Quaternary Research v. 10, no. 1, p. 130-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(78)90017-0.[22] Quaternary geology and geomorphology, southern and central Yukon (northern Canada), 1972
Hughes, O.L., Rampton, V.N., and Rutter, N. W., 1972, Quaternary geology and geomorphology, southern and central Yukon (northern Canada): 24th International Geological Congress (Montreal), Guidebook, Field Excursion A11.
Full-text PDF 14.6 MB [23] Ice cores from the St. Elias Mountains, Yukon, Canada: their significance for climate, atmospheric composition and volcanism in the north Pacific region, 2014
Zdanowicz, Christian, Fisher, David, Bourgeois, Jocelyne, Demuth, Mike, Zheng, James, Mayewski, Paul, Kreutz, Karl, Osterberg, Erich, Yalcin, Kaplan, Wake, Cameron, Steig, E.J., Froese, D.G., Goto-Azuma, Kumiko, 2014, Ice cores from the St. Elias Mountains, Yukon, Canada: their significance for climate, atmospheric composition and volcanism in the north Pacific region: Arctic, v. 67, Suppl. 1, p. 35-24.[24] Stable isotope records from Mount Logan, Eclipse Ice Cores and nearby Jellybean Lake. Water cycle of the North Pacific over 2000 years and over five vertical kilometres - Sudden shifts and tropical connections, 2004
Fisher, D.A., Wake, C., Kreutz, K., Yalcin, K., Steig, E., Mayewski, P., Anderson, L., Zheng, J., Rupper, S., Zdanowicz, C., Demuth, M., Waszkiewicz, M., Dahl-Jensen, D., Goto-Azuma, K., Bourgeois, J.B., Koerner, R.M., Sekerka, J., Osterberg, E., Abbott, M.B., Finney, B.P., and Burns, S.J., 2004, Stable isotope records from Mount Logan, Eclipse Ice Cores and nearby Jellybean Lake. Water cycle of the North Pacific over 2000 years and over five vertical kilometres - Sudden shifts and tropical connections: Géographie physique et Quaternaire v. 58, no. 2-3, p. 337-352. https://doi.org/10.7202/013147ar.[25] The White River Ash - New evidence from the Bona-Churchill ice core record, 2004
Mashiotta, T.A., Thompson, L.G., and Davis, M.E., 2004, The White River Ash - New evidence from the Bona-Churchill ice core record [abs.]: in American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, Program, 2004, PP21A-1369.[26] Geological Survey of Canada radiocarbon dates XXII, 1982
Blake, Jr., W., 1982, Geological Survey of Canada radiocarbon dates XXII: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 82-7, 22 p.[27] Palynologie et morphogenese recente dans le bassin du Grizzly Creek (Territoire du Yukon), 1983
Bourgeois, J.C., and Geurts, M.-A., 1983, Palynologie et morphogenese recente dans le bassin du Grizzly Creek (Territoire du Yukon): Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences v. 20, no. 10, p. 1543-1553. https://doi.org/10.1139/e83-144.[28] Pleistocene to Holocene Volcanism in the Canadian Cordillera, 2023
Russell, J.K., Edwards, B.R., Williams-Jones, G., and Hickson, C., 2023, Pleistocene to Holocene Volcanism in the Canadian Cordillera: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences in press. Https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2023-0065.[29] Age, extent, and climatic significance of the c. 3400 BP Aniakchak tephra, western Alaska, USA, 1992
Beget, James, Mason, Owen, and Anderson, Patricia, 1992, Age, extent, and climatic significance of the c. 3400 BP Aniakchak tephra, western Alaska, USA: The Holocene, v. 2, n. 1, p. 51-56.[30] Geological Survey of Canada radiocarbon dates XIII, 1973
Lowdon, J.A., and Blake, Jr., W., 1973, Geological Survey of Canada radiocarbon dates XIII: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 73-7, 61 p.
Full-text PDF 9.1 MB [31] An archaeological test of the effects of the White River Ash eruptions, 2012
Mullen, P.O., 2012, An archaeological test of the effects of the White River Ash eruptions: Arctic Anthropology, v. 49, p. 35-44.[32] Facies analysis of a pumiceous terrace beside Klutlan Glacier, Yukon Territory, 1996
Donaldson, J. A., Guerstein, P. G., and Mueller, Wulf, 1996, Facies analysis of a pumiceous terrace beside Klutlan Glacier, Yukon Territory: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences [Journal Canadien des Sciences de la Terre], v. 33, n. 9, p. 1233-1242.[33] A reconnaissance from Pyramid Harbor to Eagle City, Alaska, including a description of the copper deposits of the upper White and Tanana rivers, 1900
Brooks, A.H., 1900, A reconnaissance from Pyramid Harbor to Eagle City, Alaska, including a description of the copper deposits of the upper White and Tanana rivers, in Walcott, C.D., Twenty-first annual report of the director of the United States Geological Survey, 1899-1900 - Part II - General geology, economic geology, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report 21-II, p. 331-392. https://doi.org/10.3133/ar21_2.[34] The volcano in Athabascan oral narratives, 2008
Fast, P.A., 2008, The volcano in Athabascan oral narratives: Alaska Journal of Anthropology v. 6, no. 1-2, p. 131-140.[35] Naatsilanei and Ko'ehdan: A semiotic analysis of two Alaska Native myths, 1990
Fast, P.A., 1990, Naatsilanei and Ko'ehdan: A semiotic analysis of two Alaska Native myths: Anchorage, Alaska, University of Alaska Anchorage, M.A. thesis, 374 p.[36] Geospatial distribution of tephra fall in Alaska: a geodatabase compilation of published tephra fall occurrences from the Pleistocene to the present, 2018
Mulliken, K.M., Schaefer, J.R., and Cameron, C.E., 2018, Geospatial distribution of tephra fall in Alaska: a geodatabase compilation of published tephra fall occurrences from the Pleistocene to the present: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 164, 46 p. http://doi.org/10.14509/29847[37] Extending the Applications of Tephrochronology in Northwestern North America, 2011
Dunning, H., 2011, Extending the Applications of Tephrochronology in Northwestern North America: University of Alberta M.S. Thesis, 187 p.[38] Field trip guide for the International Field Conference and Workshop on Tephrochronology and Volcanism, 2005
Froese, D.G, Westgate, J.A., and Alloway, B.V., (eds.), 2005, Field trip guide for the International Field Conference and Workshop on Tephrochronology and Volcanism: Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Science Report 2005/26, Dawson City, Yukon Territory, Canada, July 31-August 8, 2005, 132 p.[39] Northern Athapaskan oral traditions and the White River volcano, 1992
Moodie, D. W., Catchpole, A. J. W., and Abel, Kerry, 1992, Northern Athapaskan oral traditions and the White River volcano: Ethnohistory, v. 39, n. 2, p. 148-171.[40] The significance of volcanism in the prehistory of subarctic Northwest North America, 1979
Workman, W. B., 1979, The significance of volcanism in the prehistory of subarctic Northwest North America, in Sheets, P. D. and Grayson, D. K. (eds.), Volcanic activity and human ecology, New York, NY, Academic Press, p. 339-367.Complete Eruption References
Evidence for magma heterogeneity in the White River Ash (Yukon Territory), 1985
Downes, Hilary, 1985, Evidence for magma heterogeneity in the White River Ash (Yukon Territory): Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences [Journal Canadien des Sciences de la Terre], v. 22, n. 6, p. 929-934.
Geochemical variation in the less than 5 Ma Wrangell Volcanic Field, Alaska, with an emphasis on the Skookum Creek volcanic complex, 1997
Preece, S. J., 1997, Geochemical variation in the less than 5 Ma Wrangell Volcanic Field, Alaska, with an emphasis on the Skookum Creek volcanic complex: Miami University (Ohio) unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 547 p.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf
Chemical complexity and source of the White River Ash, Alaska and Yukon, 2014
Preece, S.J., McGimsey, R.G., Westgate, J.A., Pearce, N.J.G., Hart, W.K., and Perkins, W.T., 2014, Chemical complexity and source of the White River Ash, Alaska and Yukon: Geosphere, v. 10, n.5., p. 1020-1042, doi: 10.1130/GES00953.1
A catalogue of late Cenozoic tephra beds in the Klondike Goldfields and adjacent areas, Yukon Territory, 2011
Preece, S.J., Westgate, J.A., Froese, D.G., Pearce, N.J.G., and Perkins, W.T., 2011, A catalogue of late Cenozoic tephra beds in the Klondike Goldfields and adjacent areas, Yukon Territory: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 48, p. 1386-1418, doi: 10.1139/e10-110
Mount Churchill, Alaska: source of the late Holocene White River Ash, 1995
Richter, D. H., Preece, S. J., McGimsey, R. G., and Westgate, J. A., 1995, Mount Churchill, Alaska: source of the late Holocene White River Ash: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences [Journal Canadien des Sciences de la Terre], v. 32, n. 6, p. 741-748.
Size distribution of the White River Ash, Yukon Territory, 1965
Hanson, L. W., 1965, Size distribution of the White River Ash, Yukon Territory: University of Alberta M.S. thesis, 59 p.
New data on the character and history of the White River volcanic eruption, Alaska, 1975
Lerbekmo, J. F., Westgate, J. A., Smith, D. G. W., and Denton, G. H., 1975, New data on the character and history of the White River volcanic eruption, Alaska: in Quaternary studies: selected papers from IX INQUA congress, Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin 0013, p. 203-209.
A postulated new source for the White River Ash, Alaska, 1992
McGimsey, R.G., Richter, D.H., DuBois, G.D., and Miller, T.P., 1992, A postulated new source for the White River Ash, Alaska, in Bradley, D.C. and Ford, A.B., eds., Geologic Studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1992, p. 212-218.
fulll-text PDF 618 KB 
Improved age estimates for the White River and Bridge River tephras, western Canada, 1995
Clague, J. J., Evans, S. G., Rampton, V. N., and Woodsworth, G. J., 1995, Improved age estimates for the White River and Bridge River tephras, western Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences [Journal Canadien des Sciences de la Terre], v. 32, p. 1172-1179.
Facies analysis of a pumiceous terrace beside Klutlan Glacier, Yukon Territory, 1996
Donaldson, J. A., Guerstein, P. G., and Mueller, Wulf, 1996, Facies analysis of a pumiceous terrace beside Klutlan Glacier, Yukon Territory: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences [Journal Canadien des Sciences de la Terre], v. 33, n. 9, p. 1233-1242.
Extending the Late Holocene White River Ash distribution, northwestern Canada, 2001
Robinson, S.D., 2001, Extending the Late Holocene White River Ash distribution, northwestern Canada: Arctic, v. 54, n. 2, p. 157-161.
Resedimentation of the late Holocene White River ash, Yukon Territory, Canada and Alaska, USA, 2007
West, K.D., 2007, Resedimentation of the late Holocene White River ash, Yukon Territory, Canada, and Alaska, USA: Carleton University Ph.D. dissertation, 269 p.
The White River ash: largest Holocene plinian tephra, 2008
Lerbekmo, J.F., 2008, The White River ash: largest Holocene plinian tephra: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 45, n. 6, p. 693-700.
An archaeological test of the effects of the White River Ash eruptions, 2012
Mullen, P.O., 2012, An archaeological test of the effects of the White River Ash eruptions: Arctic Anthropology, v. 49, p. 35-44.
Radiocarbon dates relating to a widespread volcanic ash deposit, eastern Alaska, 1962
Fernald, A. T., 1962, Radiocarbon dates relating to a widespread volcanic ash deposit, eastern Alaska: in Short papers in Geology, Hydrology, and Topography, Articles 1-59, Geological Survey Research 1962, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper PP 0450-B, p. B29-B30.
full-text PDF 39 KB 
Geological Survey of Canada radiocarbon dates VII, 1968
Lowdon, J.A., and Blake, Jr., W., 1968, Geological Survey of Canada radiocarbon dates VII: Radiocarbon, v. 10, p. 207-245.
Volcanoes of the World, 2013
Global Volcanism Program, 2013, Volcanoes of the World, v. 4.5.3. Venzke, E (ed.): Smithsonian Institution. Downloaded 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.VOTW4-2013
Geology of northwest Shakwak Valley, Yukon Territory, 1952
Bostock, H.S., 1952, Geology of northwest Shakwak Valley, Yukon Territory: Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 267.
An expedition through the Yukon District, 1892
Hayes, C.W., 1892, An expedition through the Yukon District: The National Geographic Magazine v. 4, p. 117-162.
Full-text PDF 8.9 MB A reconnaissance in the White and Tanana River Basins, Alaska, in 1898, 1900
Brooks, A.H., 1900, A reconnaissance in the White and Tanana River Basins, Alaska, in 1898: in Explorations in Alaska in 1898, U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report v. 20, n. 7, p. 425-494.
Full-text PDF 39 MB An ancient volcanic eruption in the upper Yukon basin, 1915
Capps, S. R., 1915, An ancient volcanic eruption in the upper Yukon basin: in Shorter contributions to general geology, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper PP 0095-D, p. 59-64.
full-text PDF 392 KB 
Mineral Resources of the Nabesna-White River District, Alaska, 1910
Moffit, F.H., and Knopf, A., 1910, Mineral resources of the Nabesna-White River District, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 417, 64 p.
Full-text PDF 5 MB Distribution, composition, and source of the White River Ash, Yukon Territory, 1969
Lerbekmo, J. F., and Campbell, F. A., 1969, Distribution, composition, and source of the White River Ash, Yukon Territory: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences [Journal Canadien des Sciences de la Terre], v. 6, n. 1, p. 109-116.
Holocene glacial and tree-line variations in the White River Valley and Skolai Pass, Alaska and Yukon Territory, 1977
Denton, G.H., and Karlen, W., 1977, Holocene glacial and tree-line variations in the White River Valley and Skolai Pass, Alaska and Yukon Territory: Quaternary Research, v. 7, p. 63-111, doi: 10.1016/0033-5894 (77)90014-X
Holocene glacial and tree-line variations in the White River Valley and Skolai Pass. Alaska and Yukon Territory - A discussion, 1978
Rampton, V.N., 1978, Holocene glacial and tree-line variations in the White River Valley and Skolai Pass. Alaska and Yukon Territory - A discussion: Quaternary Research v. 10, no. 1, p. 130-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(78)90017-0.
Quaternary geology and geomorphology, southern and central Yukon (northern Canada), 1972
Hughes, O.L., Rampton, V.N., and Rutter, N. W., 1972, Quaternary geology and geomorphology, southern and central Yukon (northern Canada): 24th International Geological Congress (Montreal), Guidebook, Field Excursion A11.
Full-text PDF 14.6 MB Ice cores from the St. Elias Mountains, Yukon, Canada: their significance for climate, atmospheric composition and volcanism in the north Pacific region, 2014
Zdanowicz, Christian, Fisher, David, Bourgeois, Jocelyne, Demuth, Mike, Zheng, James, Mayewski, Paul, Kreutz, Karl, Osterberg, Erich, Yalcin, Kaplan, Wake, Cameron, Steig, E.J., Froese, D.G., Goto-Azuma, Kumiko, 2014, Ice cores from the St. Elias Mountains, Yukon, Canada: their significance for climate, atmospheric composition and volcanism in the north Pacific region: Arctic, v. 67, Suppl. 1, p. 35-24.
The White River Ash - New evidence from the Bona-Churchill ice core record, 2004
Mashiotta, T.A., Thompson, L.G., and Davis, M.E., 2004, The White River Ash - New evidence from the Bona-Churchill ice core record [abs.]: in American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, Program, 2004, PP21A-1369.
A reconnaissance from Pyramid Harbor to Eagle City, Alaska, including a description of the copper deposits of the upper White and Tanana rivers, 1900
Brooks, A.H., 1900, A reconnaissance from Pyramid Harbor to Eagle City, Alaska, including a description of the copper deposits of the upper White and Tanana rivers, in Walcott, C.D., Twenty-first annual report of the director of the United States Geological Survey, 1899-1900 - Part II - General geology, economic geology, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report 21-II, p. 331-392. https://doi.org/10.3133/ar21_2.
Naatsilanei and Ko'ehdan: A semiotic analysis of two Alaska Native myths, 1990
Fast, P.A., 1990, Naatsilanei and Ko'ehdan: A semiotic analysis of two Alaska Native myths: Anchorage, Alaska, University of Alaska Anchorage, M.A. thesis, 374 p.
Geospatial distribution of tephra fall in Alaska: a geodatabase compilation of published tephra fall occurrences from the Pleistocene to the present, 2018
Mulliken, K.M., Schaefer, J.R., and Cameron, C.E., 2018, Geospatial distribution of tephra fall in Alaska: a geodatabase compilation of published tephra fall occurrences from the Pleistocene to the present: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 164, 46 p. http://doi.org/10.14509/29847
Field trip guide for the International Field Conference and Workshop on Tephrochronology and Volcanism, 2005
Froese, D.G, Westgate, J.A., and Alloway, B.V., (eds.), 2005, Field trip guide for the International Field Conference and Workshop on Tephrochronology and Volcanism: Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Science Report 2005/26, Dawson City, Yukon Territory, Canada, July 31-August 8, 2005, 132 p.
