Augustine Tephra M
Start: 1000 yBP ± 100 Years [1]
Event Type: Explosive
Description: From Waitt and Beget (1996): "Exposed on the steeply eroded sides of three south-side inlier kipukas at altitudes 250-700 m are 8-10-m sections comprising several beds of pumiceous and lithic pyroclastic-fiow deposits interbedded with many beds of loose, sorted pumiceous fall deposit. The uppermost pumiceous fall beds probably correlate with tephras M, C, and perhaps with other tephra beds of the coastal sections, though ambiguous field character and ambiguous chemical data make such correlations tenuous. Yet a radiocarbon age of about 2160 yr B.P. (table 2 [in original text]) from the upper midsection (below the upmost few tephra layers) at the eastmost such section supports the tenuous correlation."
From Waitt and Beget (2009): "Of the two youngest coarse tephras, M drifted south and B strongly northeast (fig. 7 [in original text])."
"Glass separates of tephras C and M are chemically nearly identical-as close as replicate microprobe analyses of either tephra C or tephra M alone. Correlation of tephras between separated localities is thus mainly by field stratigraphy, in some places strengthened or augmented by the microprobe data."
"On the south and west, tephra M seems everywhere much thicker than tephra B."
From Waitt and Beget (2009): "Of the two youngest coarse tephras, M drifted south and B strongly northeast (fig. 7 [in original text])."
"Glass separates of tephras C and M are chemically nearly identical-as close as replicate microprobe analyses of either tephra C or tephra M alone. Correlation of tephras between separated localities is thus mainly by field stratigraphy, in some places strengthened or augmented by the microprobe data."
"On the south and west, tephra M seems everywhere much thicker than tephra B."
References Cited
[1] Volcanic processes and geology of Augustine Volcano, Alaska, 2009
Waitt, R.B., and Beget, J.E., 2009, Volcanic processes and geology of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1762, 78 p., 2 plates, scale 1:25,000, available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1762/ .[2] Provisional geologic map of Augustine Volcano, Alaska, 1996
Waitt, R. B., and Beget, J. E., 1996, Provisional geologic map of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-0516, 44 p., 1 plate, scale 1:25,000.


[3] Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Augustine Volcano, Alaska, 1998
Waythomas, C. F., and Waitt, R. B., 1998, Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-0106, 39 p., 1 plate, scale unknown.

[4] Volcanoes of the World, 2013
Global Volcanism Program, 2013, Volcanoes of the World, v. 4.5.3. Venzke, E (ed.): Smithsonian Institution. Downloaded 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.VOTW4-2013[5] Cyclic formation of debris avalanches at Mount St Augustine volcano, 1992
Beget, J. E., and Kienle, J., 1992, Cyclic formation of debris avalanches at Mount St Augustine volcano: Nature, v. 356, n. 6371, p. 701-704.[6] Ejecta and landslides from Augustine Volcano before 2006, 2010
Waitt, R.B., 2010, Ejecta and landslides from Augustine Volcano before 2006, chapter 13 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 297-319 [http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter13.pdf].Complete Eruption References
Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Augustine Volcano, Alaska, 1998
Waythomas, C. F., and Waitt, R. B., 1998, Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-0106, 39 p., 1 plate, scale unknown.



Provisional geologic map of Augustine Volcano, Alaska, 1996
Waitt, R. B., and Beget, J. E., 1996, Provisional geologic map of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-0516, 44 p., 1 plate, scale 1:25,000.




Volcanoes of the World, 2013
Global Volcanism Program, 2013, Volcanoes of the World, v. 4.5.3. Venzke, E (ed.): Smithsonian Institution. Downloaded 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.VOTW4-2013
Cyclic formation of debris avalanches at Mount St Augustine volcano, 1992
Beget, J. E., and Kienle, J., 1992, Cyclic formation of debris avalanches at Mount St Augustine volcano: Nature, v. 356, n. 6371, p. 701-704.

Ejecta and landslides from Augustine Volcano before 2006, 2010
Waitt, R.B., 2010, Ejecta and landslides from Augustine Volcano before 2006, chapter 13 of Power, J.A., Coombs, M.L., and Freymueller, J.T., eds., The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, p. 297-319 [http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/chapters/p1769_chapter13.pdf].
Volcanic processes and geology of Augustine Volcano, Alaska, 2009
Waitt, R.B., and Beget, J.E., 2009, Volcanic processes and geology of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1762, 78 p., 2 plates, scale 1:25,000, available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1762/ .