Mt Churchill White River East Lobe
Start: 1147 yBP [1]
Event Type: Explosive
Max VEI: 6 [2]
- Tephrafall [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [13] [11] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80]
Description: From Preece and others (2014): "The White River Ash (WRA) is an important Holocene chronostratigraphic marker through-out eastern Alaska (USA) and in Yukon and western Northwest Territories (Canada) (Lerbekmo and Campbell, 1969; Pewe, 1975), and provides age control for peat studies (Harris and Schmidt, 1994; Robinson and Moore, 1999, 2000), glacial fluctuations (Denton and Karlen, 1977), paleoecological studies (Slater, 1985), and archaeological and anthropological studies (Workman, 1979; Moodie and others, 1992) (Fig. 1 [in original text]). WRA has been defined by its geographic distribution and its stratigraphic position, combined with radiocarbon dating, with less emphasis on its petrographic and geochemical features. The northern lobe erupted between A.D. 150 and 500 (Jensen and Froese, 2006) or ca. 1900 yr B.P. (Lerbekmo and others, 1975), while the eastern lobe erupted A.D. 803 or 1147 cal. yr B.P. (Clague and others, 1995). Cryptotephra studies in lake and peat cores have extended the distribution of the eastern lobe to southeastern Alaska (sites A-C, Fig. 1 [in original text]), northern British Columbia (site D, Fig. 1 [in original text]), Newfoundland, northern Europe, and Greenland (Lakeman and others, 2008; Payne and others, 2008; Addison and others, 2010; Pyne-O’Donnell and others, 2012; Jensen and others, 2012)."
"The exact vent area of the WRA has been disputed, and two possible locations have been suggested. Lerbekmo and Campbell (1969) postulated that the WRA vent was located on the floor of a deep valley beneath the Klutlan Glacier near what they identified as a large pumice mound (4 in Fig. 2 [of original text]). McGimsey and others (1992) and Richter and others (1995) questioned the likelihood of a vent located at the floor of a valley lacking an edifice or nearby volcano, and proposed that Mount Churchill was the vent. Lerbekmo (2008) questioned whether Mount Churchill was a volcano, and reiterated that the vent for WRA was underneath the Klutlan Glacier."
From Richter and others (1995): "The White River Ash is a bilobate Plinian fallout deposit covering more than 340,000 km square and containing an estimated 25-50 km cubed of tephra (bulk volume) (Bostock 1952; Berger 1960) (Fig. 1 [in original text])."
From Lerbekmo and others (1975): "A northern lobe and an eastern lobe have axis lengths in excess of 500 and 1000 km respectively."
"Unfortunately, glass compositions are similar in the northern and eastern lobes of the WRA tephra, and published analyses cover a significant range, making it difficult to assign a particular tephra sample to a specific lobe (Addison and others, 2010; Payne and others, 2008; Lakeman and others, 2008; Froese and Jensen, 2005; Richter and others, 1995; Beget and others, 1992; Downes, 1985)."
"Tephra samples of the WRA contain phenocrysts of plagioclase, amphibole, magnetite, ilmenite, and trace amounts of orthopyroxene and apatite within highly vesicular, frothy color-less glass (Table S8 in the Supplemental File [see footnote 1] [in original text]). Biotite occurs in the eastern lobe in trace amounts (<~1%) in some pumice clasts from locations 4 and 6 (Fig. 2 [in original text])."
"Previous studies have demonstrated that the eastern and northern lobes of the WRA have different ilmenite compositional ranges (Lerbekmo and others, 1975; Downes, 1985; Richter and others, 1995) and this distinction has been used to define geochemical groups WRA-E and WRA-N."
"WRA deposits can be assigned to WRA-E or WRA-N, and are best identified using ilmenite compositions...Within WRA-E, WRA-Ea is clearly older than WRA-Eb. The 1147 cal yr B.P. (Clague and others, 1995) WRA-Ea deposits either do not show or only weakly display systematic changes in glass or Fe-Ti oxide composition with stratigraphic position. On geochemical plots, WRA-Eb samples are on linear extensions toward higher silica content and lower temperature estimates compared to WRA-Ea samples, strongly suggesting a genetic link. WRA-Eb samples represent a younger eruption or eruptions from the evolving Mount Churchill magmatic system."
From Payne and others (2008): "The LNA 100 tephra shows geochemical similarity to WRA tephra. Dating evidence does not show a consistent sequence of radiocarbon dates but samples from peat containing the ash layer suggest that the tephra was deposited between approximately 1260 and 1375 cal yr BP. The most likely origin of this tephra is therefore one of the WRA eruptions, most probably the younger, eastern lobe event. Clague et al. (1995) presented ten radiocarbon assays on this tephra spanning 791 to 1416 cal yr BP and opted for a weighted mean of four of these dates to assign the eruption an age estimate of ca. 1147 cal yr BP. The dates in this study would suggest an older date for this tephra, although this conclusion is complicated by the dates being out of sequence (Table 6 [in text])."
The Global database on large magnitude explosive volcanic eruptions (LaMEVE; 2017) reports a magnitude of 6.1, bulk eruptive volume of 50 cubic km and a dense rock equivalent eruptive volume of 23 cubic km for the eruption.
"The exact vent area of the WRA has been disputed, and two possible locations have been suggested. Lerbekmo and Campbell (1969) postulated that the WRA vent was located on the floor of a deep valley beneath the Klutlan Glacier near what they identified as a large pumice mound (4 in Fig. 2 [of original text]). McGimsey and others (1992) and Richter and others (1995) questioned the likelihood of a vent located at the floor of a valley lacking an edifice or nearby volcano, and proposed that Mount Churchill was the vent. Lerbekmo (2008) questioned whether Mount Churchill was a volcano, and reiterated that the vent for WRA was underneath the Klutlan Glacier."
From Richter and others (1995): "The White River Ash is a bilobate Plinian fallout deposit covering more than 340,000 km square and containing an estimated 25-50 km cubed of tephra (bulk volume) (Bostock 1952; Berger 1960) (Fig. 1 [in original text])."
From Lerbekmo and others (1975): "A northern lobe and an eastern lobe have axis lengths in excess of 500 and 1000 km respectively."
"Unfortunately, glass compositions are similar in the northern and eastern lobes of the WRA tephra, and published analyses cover a significant range, making it difficult to assign a particular tephra sample to a specific lobe (Addison and others, 2010; Payne and others, 2008; Lakeman and others, 2008; Froese and Jensen, 2005; Richter and others, 1995; Beget and others, 1992; Downes, 1985)."
"Tephra samples of the WRA contain phenocrysts of plagioclase, amphibole, magnetite, ilmenite, and trace amounts of orthopyroxene and apatite within highly vesicular, frothy color-less glass (Table S8 in the Supplemental File [see footnote 1] [in original text]). Biotite occurs in the eastern lobe in trace amounts (<~1%) in some pumice clasts from locations 4 and 6 (Fig. 2 [in original text])."
"Previous studies have demonstrated that the eastern and northern lobes of the WRA have different ilmenite compositional ranges (Lerbekmo and others, 1975; Downes, 1985; Richter and others, 1995) and this distinction has been used to define geochemical groups WRA-E and WRA-N."
"WRA deposits can be assigned to WRA-E or WRA-N, and are best identified using ilmenite compositions...Within WRA-E, WRA-Ea is clearly older than WRA-Eb. The 1147 cal yr B.P. (Clague and others, 1995) WRA-Ea deposits either do not show or only weakly display systematic changes in glass or Fe-Ti oxide composition with stratigraphic position. On geochemical plots, WRA-Eb samples are on linear extensions toward higher silica content and lower temperature estimates compared to WRA-Ea samples, strongly suggesting a genetic link. WRA-Eb samples represent a younger eruption or eruptions from the evolving Mount Churchill magmatic system."
From Payne and others (2008): "The LNA 100 tephra shows geochemical similarity to WRA tephra. Dating evidence does not show a consistent sequence of radiocarbon dates but samples from peat containing the ash layer suggest that the tephra was deposited between approximately 1260 and 1375 cal yr BP. The most likely origin of this tephra is therefore one of the WRA eruptions, most probably the younger, eastern lobe event. Clague et al. (1995) presented ten radiocarbon assays on this tephra spanning 791 to 1416 cal yr BP and opted for a weighted mean of four of these dates to assign the eruption an age estimate of ca. 1147 cal yr BP. The dates in this study would suggest an older date for this tephra, although this conclusion is complicated by the dates being out of sequence (Table 6 [in text])."
The Global database on large magnitude explosive volcanic eruptions (LaMEVE; 2017) reports a magnitude of 6.1, bulk eruptive volume of 50 cubic km and a dense rock equivalent eruptive volume of 23 cubic km for the eruption.
Impact: From Mullen (2012): "The volcanic eruption that produced the eastern White River Ash (WRA) is thought to have prompted a migration of people from the affected area resulting in the displacement of Athapaskan language speakers and subsequent language differentiation (Derry 1975; Fast 1990; Workman 1974, 1979). This migration and language differentiation hypothesis is suggested by cultural and linguistic data, including the ethnohistory and mythology of First Nations peoples in the region (Fast 1990; Moodie et al. 1992) and the distribution of and relationships between modern Athapaskan languages (Derry 1975; Fast 1990; Workman 1974, 1975, 1979). Biological and archaeological evidence provide further support, as seen in distributions of genetic markers among Athapaskan speakers in the Southwest and Subarctic (Malhi et al. 2008) and the distribution and chronology of temporally diagnostic artifacts (Derry 1975). Technological changes in weaponry are also temporally coincident with the WRA including the replacement of the atlatl and dart by the bow and arrow, a switch from birch to spruce as a preferred projectile shaft material, and a switch from stone to antler and bone as a preferred projectile point material (Hare et al. 2004)."
From Moodie (1992): "...ancestors of the Dene had occupied areas exposed to the activities of the White River volcano and that subsequent to these events they took up the geographical positions in the Mackenzie valley where they were first met by Europeans. This view is specifically expressed in the Dene myth claiming that their ancestors migrated into the Mackenzie valley from the mountains to the west. It is also consistent with the linguistic evidence for the evolution of northern Athapaskan languages. This evidence points to a proto-Athapaskan homeland that is roughly centered upon the upper White River region and encompasses the area of the White River ash deposits. The linguistic evidence also suggests that the differentiation of the Dene languages occurred as a consequence of a movement of people from this homeland into the Mackenzie valley."
"The stories that the Dene themselves tell of their linguistic origins are consistent with these interpretations. All attribute the different Dene languages to the dispersal of their ancestors in the distant past. Like their stories about past volcanism, these tales appear to recall a real event in Dene ancient history, a movement of people into the Mackenzie valley following an eruption of the White River volcano. This implies that the peoples currently living within the ash fall area, the Tutchone, Han, and Tanana, settled this region sometime following the emigration of the ancestors of the Dene. Unlike the Dene, these peoples do not appear to have recollections of the White River volcanic eruptions or their ash falls in their oral traditions. The Dene accounts of their dispersal and migration attribute these movements to different causes. The Hare and Mountain claim that their ancestors were dispersed by a volcanic explosion. The Slavey tell of a migration from a region of environmental devastation that, it is suggested, recalls the effects of a fall of White River ash. However, the Hare also relate that their language differences derive from wanderings in search of a comet. In another Hare story, it is said that the discovery of fish in the Mackenzie River led to the Dene occupation of this region. It is unlikely that the Dene migration was triggered by the appearance of a comet, although such an event may have been observed around the time of the migration. The discovery of fish may well reflect their movement from an environmentally devastated area to one rich in food resources, especially fish. The most compelling accounts, however, are those attributing the dispersal to volcanism."
From Workman (1979): "The area affected by the emplacement of the East Lobe of the White River Ash (Figure 11.2 in original text) includes the historic territory of the Han (Osgood 1971), the poorly known Northern Tutchone, some Southern Tutchone (McClellan 1975), and some upper Tanana Athapaskans (McKennan 1959)."
"Assuming that the same [wind] pattern prevailed in the past, one might suggest that the probabilities favored a winter emplacement of the East Lobe and a summer emplacement of the earlier North Lobe."
"Winter emplacement...would have wrought maximum hardship upon the Indian hunters upon whom the ash fell, effectively immobilizing them in the ash-laden dark at a time of year when food was always scarce. Several days of immersion in the inky darkness of an ash could at a time of year when daylight was already at a premium might have added to the psychological impact of the event as well (Workman 1974:247, 249)."...territory covered by as little as 2.5 cm of ash would have undergone considerable reduction in carrying capacity and that the affected area was large enough that a significant number of human beings (between 60 and 1000; see Workman 1974:260) would have been displaced for a time. Emigration would have been either in a northerly or southerly direction."
From Kuhn and others (2010): "...we identify a recent, partial [caribou population] replacement event that is not discernible from modern data alone. This replacement event was most probably caused by changes in caribou habitat as a result of either the MWP [Medieval Warm Period] or the deposition of the White River tephra. At present, we cannot distinguish between these two closely timed events, however, increased sampling and stratigraphic coverage of the 1500-500 BP period may be sufficient to identify a single causal mechanism. Whether this replacement event was caused by a large volcanic eruption or increased snowfall and warmer temperatures, caribou were probably able to recolonize the large region in the southern Yukon as a result of their ability to expand in numbers and migrate into newly available habitats as cooler temperatures of Little Ice Age prevailed (Viau et al. 2006; Bunbury & Gajewski 2009)."
"The detrimental effects of ash fall on livestock and caribou have been observed from 2.5-10 cm of ash deposited from the 1912 Mount Katmai eruption in Alaska (Jagger 1945) and as little as 1.9 cm of ash following the 1947 eruption of Hekla, in Iceland (Malde 1964). Given that much of the Southern Lakes region falls within the 5 cm isopach (ash depths of 5 cm or greater) of the eastern lobe of the White River tephra (Fig. 1 in original text), it seems probably that this cataclysmic event had a noticeable effect on the distribution of caribou populations living within the region at the time."
From Kristensen and others (2019): "A comparison of pre- vs. post-WRAe assemblages indicates that the eruption altered hunter-gatherer mobility and exchange patterns. When pre- vs. post-WRAe chronologies could be assigned to Yukon and Alberta assemblages with THC (Tertiary Hills Clinker), all sites are pre-WRAe despite the fact that a relatively high percentage of pre-contact sites in Subarctic Canada are from the last 1000 years (e.g., due to visibility, connections to oral history, and erosion factors). It appears that long-distance relationships with people of Northwest Territories broke down after the eruption based on the absence of post-WRAe THC in Yukon and Alberta."
"Within Northwest Territories, sites with THC increase from roughly one per 200 years (pre-WRAe) to one site per 50years (post-WRAe). The frequency of THC tools drops significantly from pre- to post-WRAe while the relative percentage of THC in Northwest Territories assemblages significantly increases from pre- to post-WRAe (Table 6). Overall, the movement of curated THC artifacts drops while domestic production (increased percentages of debitage) increases after the eruption. Spatial data also indicate that post-WRAe long distance movement of THC drops (Fig. 15). However, several archaeological sites in Northwest Territories with THC in both pre- and post-WRAe components indicate a local continuity of exploitation (e.g., LgRk-1, LcRq-3, and KlRs-5 on Fig. 15 [in publication])."
Birks (1980) determined that it took ~400 years for vegetation to develop a new stable assemblage after the eruption of the White River Ash at Gull Lake, about 40 miles northeast of Mount Churchill.
Isaac (1990) recounted an oral history passed down in his Han Gwich’in family about a year when a shadow floated across the sky and winter lasted the whole year, which he connected to the eruption of the White River Ash.
Hare and others (2004, 2012) and Froese and others (2008) assert that the disruption caused by the White River Ash East Lobe contributed to the abrupt transition from dart-throwing to bow-and-arrow hunting technology documented in ice patch artifacts found in the southwest Yukon. [68] [34] [36] [81] [82] [83] [37] [76] [84] [85] [86] [87]
References Cited
[1] Improved age estimates for the White River and Bridge River tephras, western Canada, 1995
Clague, J. J., Evans, S. G., Rampton, V. N., and Woodsworth, G. J., 1995, Improved age estimates for the White River and Bridge River tephras, western Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences [Journal Canadien des Sciences de la Terre], v. 32, p. 1172-1179.[2] Volcanoes of the World, 2013
Global Volcanism Program, 2013, Volcanoes of the World, v. 4.5.3. Venzke, E (ed.): Smithsonian Institution. Downloaded 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.VOTW4-2013[3] The White River ash: largest Holocene plinian tephra, 2008
Lerbekmo, J.F., 2008, The White River ash: largest Holocene plinian tephra: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 45, n. 6, p. 693-700.[4] Size distribution of the White River Ash, Yukon Territory, 1965
Hanson, L. W., 1965, Size distribution of the White River Ash, Yukon Territory: University of Alberta M.S. thesis, 59 p.[5] Transatlantic distribution of the Alaskan White River Ash, 2014
Jensen, B.J.L., Pyne-O'Donnell, Sean, Plunkett, Gill, Froese, D.G., Hughes, P.D.M., Sigl, Michael, McConnell, J.R., Amesbury, M.J., Blackwell, P.J., van den Bogaard, Christel, Buck, C.E., Charman, D.J., Clague, J.J., Hall, V.A., Koch, Johannes, Mackay, Helen, Mallon, Gunnar, McColl, Lynsey, and Pilcher, J.R., 2014, Transatlantic distribution of the Alaskan White River Ash: Geology, v. 42, n. 10, p. 875-878, doi:10.1130/G35945.1[6] New data on the character and history of the White River volcanic eruption, Alaska, 1975
Lerbekmo, J. F., Westgate, J. A., Smith, D. G. W., and Denton, G. H., 1975, New data on the character and history of the White River volcanic eruption, Alaska: in Quaternary studies: selected papers from IX INQUA congress, Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin 0013, p. 203-209.[7] High-precision ultra-distal Holocene tephrochronology in North America, 2012
Pyne-O'Donnell, S.D.F., Hughes, P.D.M., Froese, D.G., Jensen, B.L., Kuehn, S.C., Mallon, Gunnar, Amesbury, M.J., Charman, D.J., Daley, T.J., Loader, N.J., Mauquoy, Dmitri, Street-Perrott, F.A., and Woodman-Ralph, Jonathan, 2012, High-precision ultra-distal Holocene tephrochronology in North America: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 52, p. 6-11, doi: 10.1016/j.quasicrev.2012.07.024[8] Extending the Late Holocene White River Ash distribution, northwestern Canada, 2001
Robinson, S.D., 2001, Extending the Late Holocene White River Ash distribution, northwestern Canada: Arctic, v. 54, n. 2, p. 157-161.[9] Resedimentation of the late Holocene White River ash, Yukon Territory, Canada and Alaska, USA, 2007
West, K.D., 2007, Resedimentation of the late Holocene White River ash, Yukon Territory, Canada, and Alaska, USA: Carleton University Ph.D. dissertation, 269 p.[10] Dates of Holocene Icelandic volcanic eruptions from tephra layers in Irish peats, 1995
Pilcher, J.R., Hall, V.A., and McCormac, F.G., 1995, Dates of Holocene Icelandic volcanic eruptions from tephra layers in Irish peats: The Holocene, v.5, p. 103-110, doi:10.1177/095968369500500111.[11] Linking the North Atlantic to central Europe: A high-resolution Holocene tephrochronological record from northern Germany, 2002
van den Bogaard, C., and Schmincke, H.U., 2002, Linking the North Atlantic to central Europe: A high-resolution Holocene tephrochronological record from northern Germany: Journal of Quaternary Science, v. 17, p. 3-20, doi: 10.1002/jqs.636[12] Two tephra layers bracketing late Holocene paleoecological changes in northern Germany, 2002
van den Bogaard, C., Dörfler, W., Glos, R., Nadeau, M.-J., Grootes, P.M., and Erlenkeuser, H., 2002, Two tephra layers bracketing late Holocene paleoecological changes in northern Germany: Quaternary Research v. 57, no. 3, p. 314-324. https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2002.2325.[13] Late-Quaternary Icelandic tephras in Ireland and Great Britain: detection, characterization and usefulness, 2002
Hall, V.A., and Pilcher, J.R., 2002, Late-Quaternary Icelandic tephras in Ireland and Great Britain: detection, characterization and usefulness: The Holocene v. 12, no. 2, p. 223-230, https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683602hl538rr.[14] An outline tephrochronology for the Holocene of the north of Ireland, 1996
Pilcher, J.R., Hall, V.A., and McCormac, F.G., 1996, An outline tephrochronology for the Holocene of the north of Ireland: Journal of Quaternary Science, v.11, p. 485-494, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1417(199611/12)11:6<485::AID-JQS266>3.0.CO;2-T[15] Marine tephrochronology of the Mt. Edgecumbe Volcanic Field, Southeast Alaska, USA, 2010
Addison, J.A., Beget, J.E., Ager, T.A., and Finney, B.P., 2010, Marine tephrochronology of the Mt. Edgecumbe Volcanic Field, Southeast Alaska, USA: Quaternary Research, v. 73, n. 2, p. 277-292, doi: 10.1016/j.yqres.2009.10.007.[16] Evidence for magma heterogeneity in the White River Ash (Yukon Territory), 1985
Downes, Hilary, 1985, Evidence for magma heterogeneity in the White River Ash (Yukon Territory): Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences [Journal Canadien des Sciences de la Terre], v. 22, n. 6, p. 929-934.[17] An ancient volcanic eruption in the upper Yukon basin, 1915
Capps, S. R., 1915, An ancient volcanic eruption in the upper Yukon basin: in Shorter contributions to general geology, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper PP 0095-D, p. 59-64.
full-text PDF 392 KB [18] Along Alaska's Great River: A popular account of the travels of the Alaska Exploring Expedition of 1883, along the Great Yukon River, from its source to its mouth, in the British North-west Territory, and in the Territory of Alaska, 1885
Schwatka, F., 1885, Along Alaska's Great River: A popular account of the travels of the Alaska Exploring Expedition of 1883, along the Great Yukon River, from its source to its mouth, in the British North-west Territory, and in the Territory of Alaska: New York, Cassell, 360 p.
Full-text PDF 22.9 MB [19] An expedition through the Yukon District, 1892
Hayes, C.W., 1892, An expedition through the Yukon District: The National Geographic Magazine v. 4, p. 117-162.
Full-text PDF 8.9 MB [20] Report on an exploration in the Yukon district, N.W.T., and adjacent northern portion of British Columbia, 1887, 1887
Dawson, G.M., 1887, Report on an exploration in the Yukon District, Northwest Territories, and adjacent northern portion of British Columbia, 1887: Geological and National History Survey of Canada Annual Report 3(Part 1), 240 p.
Full-text PDF 10.2 MB [21] A reconnaissance in the White and Tanana River Basins, Alaska, in 1898, 1900
Brooks, A.H., 1900, A reconnaissance in the White and Tanana River Basins, Alaska, in 1898: in Explorations in Alaska in 1898, U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report v. 20, n. 7, p. 425-494.
Full-text PDF 39 MB [22] On a recent volcanic ash deposit Yukon Territory, 1960
Berger, A. R., 1960, On a recent volcanic ash deposit Yukon Territory: Geological Association of Canada Proceedings, v. 12, p.117-118.[23] Geology of northwest Shakwak Valley, Yukon Territory, 1952
Bostock, H.S., 1952, Geology of northwest Shakwak Valley, Yukon Territory: Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 267.[24] Mineral Resources of the Nabesna-White River District, Alaska, 1910
Moffit, F.H., and Knopf, A., 1910, Mineral resources of the Nabesna-White River District, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 417, 64 p.
Full-text PDF 5 MB [25] Distribution, composition, and source of the White River Ash, Yukon Territory, 1969
Lerbekmo, J. F., and Campbell, F. A., 1969, Distribution, composition, and source of the White River Ash, Yukon Territory: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences [Journal Canadien des Sciences de la Terre], v. 6, n. 1, p. 109-116.[26] The Upper Chitina Valley, Alaska, 1918
Moffit, F.H., and Overbeck, R.M., 1918, The Upper Chitina Valley, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 675, 82 p.
Full-text PDF 7.8 MB [27] Geological Survey of Canada radiocarbon dates VII, 1968
Lowdon, J.A., and Blake, Jr., W., 1968, Geological Survey of Canada radiocarbon dates VII: Radiocarbon, v. 10, p. 207-245.[28] Age of a widespread layer of volcanic ash in the southwestern Yukon Territory, 1964
Stuvier, M., Borns, Jr., H.W., and Denton, G.H., 1964, Age of a widespread layer of volcanic ash in the southwestern Yukon Territory: Arctic v. 17, no. 4, p. 259-261.[29] Application of particle size distribution to determination of source of a volcanic ash deposit, 1968
Lerbekmo, J.F., Hanson, L.W., and Campbell, F.A., 1968, Application of particle size distribution to determination of source of a volcanic ash deposit, in Proceedings of the 23rd International Geological Congress: Prague, 1968, p. 283-295.[30] Temporal distinction between lobes of the White River Ash by composition of iron-titanium oxide minerals, 1972
Lerbekmo, J. F., and Smith, D. G. W., 1972, Temporal distinction between lobes of the White River Ash by composition of iron-titanium oxide minerals [abs.]: Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, v. 4, n. 3, p. 190.[31] An archaeological survey along the Alaska Highway, 1944, 1946
Johnson, Frederick, 1946: An archaeological survey along the Alaska Highway, 1944: American Antiquity v. 11, no. 3, p. 183-186.[32] Kluane Lake map-area Yukon Territory, 1958
Muller, J.E., 1958, Kluane Lake map-area Yukon Territory: Geological Survey of Canada Report and Map 19-1958, 9 p.[33] Mount Churchill, Alaska: source of the late Holocene White River Ash, 1995
Richter, D. H., Preece, S. J., McGimsey, R. G., and Westgate, J. A., 1995, Mount Churchill, Alaska: source of the late Holocene White River Ash: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences [Journal Canadien des Sciences de la Terre], v. 32, n. 6, p. 741-748.[34] Northern Athapaskan oral traditions and the White River volcano, 1992
Moodie, D. W., Catchpole, A. J. W., and Abel, Kerry, 1992, Northern Athapaskan oral traditions and the White River volcano: Ethnohistory, v. 39, n. 2, p. 148-171.[35] A postulated new source for the White River Ash, Alaska, 1992
McGimsey, R.G., Richter, D.H., DuBois, G.D., and Miller, T.P., 1992, A postulated new source for the White River Ash, Alaska, in Bradley, D.C. and Ford, A.B., eds., Geologic Studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1992, p. 212-218.
fulll-text PDF 618 KB [36] The significance of volcanism in the prehistory of subarctic Northwest North America, 1979
Workman, W. B., 1979, The significance of volcanism in the prehistory of subarctic Northwest North America, in Sheets, P. D. and Grayson, D. K. (eds.), Volcanic activity and human ecology, New York, NY, Academic Press, p. 339-367.[37] The volcano in Athabascan oral narratives, 2008
Fast, P.A., 2008, The volcano in Athabascan oral narratives: Alaska Journal of Anthropology v. 6, no. 1-2, p. 131-140.[38] Yukon River evolution since White River Ash, 1986
Fuller, E.A., 1986, Yukon River evolution since White River Ash: Vancouver, Simon Fraser University, M.S. dissertation, 168 p.[39] Holocene glacial and tree-line variations in the White River Valley and Skolai Pass, Alaska and Yukon Territory, 1977
Denton, G.H., and Karlen, W., 1977, Holocene glacial and tree-line variations in the White River Valley and Skolai Pass, Alaska and Yukon Territory: Quaternary Research, v. 7, p. 63-111, doi: 10.1016/0033-5894 (77)90014-X[40] Holocene glacial and tree-line variations in the White River Valley and Skolai Pass. Alaska and Yukon Territory - A discussion, 1978
Rampton, V.N., 1978, Holocene glacial and tree-line variations in the White River Valley and Skolai Pass. Alaska and Yukon Territory - A discussion: Quaternary Research v. 10, no. 1, p. 130-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(78)90017-0.[41] Lewes and Nordenskiöld Rivers coal district - Yukon Territory, 1910
Cairnes, D.D., 1910, Lewes and Nordenskiöld Rivers coal district - Yukon Territory: Geological Survey of Canada Memoirs 5, 70 p.
Full-text PDF 20 MB [42] Upper White River district, Yukon, 1915
Cairnes, D.D., 1915, Upper White River district, Yukon: Geological Survey of Canada Memoirs 50, 191 p.
Full-text PDF 19.6 MB [43] Geology of Teslin-Quiet Lake area, Yukon, 1936
Lees, E.J., 1936, Geology of Teslin-Quiet Lake area, Yukon: Geological Survey of Canada Memoirs 203, 30 p.
Full-text PDF 5.8 MB [44] A reconnaissance of Pelly River between Macmillan River and Hoole Canyon, Yukon, 1936
Johnston, J.R., 1936, A reconnaissance of Pelly River between Macmillan River and Hoole Canyon, Yukon: Geological Survey of Canada Memoirs 200, 19 p.
Full-text PDF 3.5 MB [45] Quaternary geology and geomorphology, southern and central Yukon (northern Canada), 1972
Hughes, O.L., Rampton, V.N., and Rutter, N. W., 1972, Quaternary geology and geomorphology, southern and central Yukon (northern Canada): 24th International Geological Congress (Montreal), Guidebook, Field Excursion A11.
Full-text PDF 14.6 MB [46] Soil survey and land evaluation of the Liard and Mackenzie River area Northwest Territories, 1976
Rostad, H.P.W., White, R.A., and Acton, D.F., 1976, Soil survey and land evaluation of the Liard and Mackenzie River area Northwest Territories: Saskatchewan Institute of Pedology Publication S173, 285 p.
Full-text PDF 20.7 MB [47] Carbon and peat accumulation over the past 1200 years in a landscape with discontinuous permafrost, northwestern Canada, 1999
Robinson, S.D., and Moore, T.R., 1999, Carbon and peat accumulation over the past 1200 years in a landscape with discontinuous permafrost, northwestern Canada: Global Biogeochemical Cycles v. 13, no. 2, p. 591-601. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GB900008.[48] Holocene vegetation history of the upper Natla River area, Northwest Territories, Canada, 1983
MacDonald, G.M., 1983, Holocene vegetation history of the upper Natla River area, Northwest Territories, Canada: Arctic and Alpine Research v. 15, no. 2: p. 169-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/00040851.1983.12004341[49] Permafrost aggradation and peat accumulation since 1200 years B.P. in peat plateaus at Tochitua, Yukon Territory (Canada), 1994
Harris, S.A., and Schmidt, I.H., 1994, Permafrost aggradation and peat accumulation since 1200 years B.P. in peat plateaus at Tochitua, Yukon Territory (Canada): Journal of Paleolimnology v. 12, p. 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00677986.[50] The influence of permafrost and fire upon carbon accumulation in high boreal peatlands, Northwest Territories, Canada, 2000
Robinson, S.D., and Moore, T.R., 2000, The influence of permafrost and fire upon carbon accumulation in high boreal peatlands, Northwest Territories, Canada: Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research v. 32, no. 2., p. 155-166. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2000.12003351.[51] Geological Reconnaissance along the Canol Road from Teslin River to Macmillan Pass, Yukon - Second edition, 1946
Kindle, E.D., 1946, Geological Reconnaissance along the Canol Road from Teslin River to Macmillan Pass, Yukon - Second edition: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 45-21, 29 p.
Full-text PDF 7.2 MB [52] Ice cores from the St. Elias Mountains, Yukon, Canada: their significance for climate, atmospheric composition and volcanism in the north Pacific region, 2014
Zdanowicz, Christian, Fisher, David, Bourgeois, Jocelyne, Demuth, Mike, Zheng, James, Mayewski, Paul, Kreutz, Karl, Osterberg, Erich, Yalcin, Kaplan, Wake, Cameron, Steig, E.J., Froese, D.G., Goto-Azuma, Kumiko, 2014, Ice cores from the St. Elias Mountains, Yukon, Canada: their significance for climate, atmospheric composition and volcanism in the north Pacific region: Arctic, v. 67, Suppl. 1, p. 35-24.[53] Stable isotope records from Mount Logan, Eclipse Ice Cores and nearby Jellybean Lake. Water cycle of the North Pacific over 2000 years and over five vertical kilometres - Sudden shifts and tropical connections, 2004
Fisher, D.A., Wake, C., Kreutz, K., Yalcin, K., Steig, E., Mayewski, P., Anderson, L., Zheng, J., Rupper, S., Zdanowicz, C., Demuth, M., Waszkiewicz, M., Dahl-Jensen, D., Goto-Azuma, K., Bourgeois, J.B., Koerner, R.M., Sekerka, J., Osterberg, E., Abbott, M.B., Finney, B.P., and Burns, S.J., 2004, Stable isotope records from Mount Logan, Eclipse Ice Cores and nearby Jellybean Lake. Water cycle of the North Pacific over 2000 years and over five vertical kilometres - Sudden shifts and tropical connections: Géographie physique et Quaternaire v. 58, no. 2-3, p. 337-352. https://doi.org/10.7202/013147ar.[54] The White River Ash - New evidence from the Bona-Churchill ice core record, 2004
Mashiotta, T.A., Thompson, L.G., and Davis, M.E., 2004, The White River Ash - New evidence from the Bona-Churchill ice core record [abs.]: in American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, Program, 2004, PP21A-1369.[55] Growth and decay of palsas and peat plateaus in the Macmillan Pass - Tsichu River area, Northwest Territories, Canada, 1979
Kershaw, G.P., and Gill, D., 1979, Growth and decay of palsas and peat plateaus in the Macmillan Pass - Tsichu River area, Northwest Territories, Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences v. 16, no. 7, p. 1362-1374. https://doi.org/10.1139/e79-122.[56] Palynologie et morphogenese recente dans le bassin du Grizzly Creek (Territoire du Yukon), 1983
Bourgeois, J.C., and Geurts, M.-A., 1983, Palynologie et morphogenese recente dans le bassin du Grizzly Creek (Territoire du Yukon): Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences v. 20, no. 10, p. 1543-1553. https://doi.org/10.1139/e83-144.[57] Later Athapaskan prehistory - a migration hypothesis, 1975
Derry, D.E., 1975, Later Athapaskan prehistory - a migration hypothesis: The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology v. V, no. 3-4, p. 134-147.[58] Pollen analysis of postglacial sediments from Eildun Lake, District of Mackenzie, N.W.T., Canada, 1985
Slater, D.S., 1985, Pollen analysis of postglacial sediments from Eildun Lake, District of Mackenzie, N.W.T., Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences v. 22, no. 5, p. 663-674. https://doi.org/10.1139/e85-073.[59] Pleistocene to Holocene Volcanism in the Canadian Cordillera, 2023
Russell, J.K., Edwards, B.R., Williams-Jones, G., and Hickson, C., 2023, Pleistocene to Holocene Volcanism in the Canadian Cordillera: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences in press. Https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2023-0065.[60] Geological Survey of Canada radiocarbon dates IX, 1970
Lowdon, J.A., and Blake, Jr., W., 1968, Geological Survey of Canada radiocarbon dates IX: Radiocarbon, v. 12, p. 46-86.[61] Geological Survey of Canada radiocarbon dates X, 1970
Lowdon, J.A., Wilmeth, R., and Blake, Jr., W., 1970, Geological Survey of Canada radiocarbon dates X: Radiocarbon, v. 12, p. 472-485.
Full-text PDF 1.4 MB [62] Geological Survey of Canada radiocarbon dates XXVI, 1987
Blake, Jr,, W., 1987, Geological Survey of Canada radiocarbon dates XXVI: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 86-7, 60 p.
Full-text PDF 12.9 MB [63] Geological Survey of Canada radiocarbon dates XIII, 1973
Lowdon, J.A., and Blake, Jr., W., 1973, Geological Survey of Canada radiocarbon dates XIII: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 73-7, 61 p.
Full-text PDF 9.1 MB [64] Late Quaternary vegetational and climatic history of the Snag-Klutlan area, Southwestern Yukon Territory, Canada, 1971
Rampton, V.N., 1971, Late Quaternary vegetational and climatic history of the Snag-Klutlan area, Southwestern Yukon Territory, Canada: GSA Bulletin v. 82, no. 4, p. 959-978. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[959:LQVACH]2.0.CO;2.[65] Rhyolitic tephra horizons in northwestern Europe and Iceland from the AD 700s-800s - a potential alternative for dating first human impact, 2003
Wastegård, S., Hall, V.A., Hannon, G.E., van den Bogaard, C., Pilcher, J.R., Sigurgeirsson, M.Á., and Hermanns-Auðardóttir, M., 2003, Rhyolitic tephra horizons in northwestern Europe and Iceland from the AD 700s-800s - a potential alternative for dating first human impact: The Holocene v. 13, no. 2, p. 277-283. https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683603hl617rr.[66] Holocene tephras highlight complexity of volcanic signals in Greenland ice cores, 2012
Coulter, S.E., Pilcher, J.R., Plunkett, Gill, Baillie, Mike, Hall, V.A., Steffensen, J.P., Vinther, B.M., Clausen, H.B., and Johnsen, S.J., 2012, Holocene tephras highlight complexity of volcanic signals in Greenland ice cores: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 117, 11 p., doi:10.1029/2012JD017698, 2012[67] A Holocene tephra record from the Lofoten Islands, Arctic Norway, 2005
Pilcher, J.R., Bradley, R.S., Francus, P., and Anderson, L., 2005, A Holocene tephra record from the Lofoten Islands, Arctic Norway: Boreas v. 34,, no. 2, p. 136-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/03009480510012935.[68] An archaeological test of the effects of the White River Ash eruptions, 2012
Mullen, P.O., 2012, An archaeological test of the effects of the White River Ash eruptions: Arctic Anthropology, v. 49, p. 35-44.[69] Facies analysis of a pumiceous terrace beside Klutlan Glacier, Yukon Territory, 1996
Donaldson, J. A., Guerstein, P. G., and Mueller, Wulf, 1996, Facies analysis of a pumiceous terrace beside Klutlan Glacier, Yukon Territory: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences [Journal Canadien des Sciences de la Terre], v. 33, n. 9, p. 1233-1242.[70] Volcanic ash soils in the southern Yukon of Canada, 1982
Crampton, C. B., 1982, Volcanic ash soils in the southern Yukon of Canada: The Musk-Ox, v. 30, p. 81-84.[71] Decadal scale climate variability during the last millenium as recorded by the Bona Churchill and Quelccaya ice cores, 2009
Urmann, David, 2009, Decadal scale climate variability during the last millenium as recorded by the Bona Churchill and Quelccaya ice cores: Ohio State University Ph.D. dissertation, 281 p.
Full-text PDF 7.9 MB [72] Guide to the volcanoes of the western Wrangell Mountains, Alaska - Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, 1995
Richter, D. H., Rosenkrans, D. S., and Steigerwald, M. J., 1995, Guide to the volcanoes of the western Wrangell Mountains, Alaska - Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2072, 31 p.
[73] A reconnaissance from Pyramid Harbor to Eagle City, Alaska, including a description of the copper deposits of the upper White and Tanana rivers, 1900
Brooks, A.H., 1900, A reconnaissance from Pyramid Harbor to Eagle City, Alaska, including a description of the copper deposits of the upper White and Tanana rivers, in Walcott, C.D., Twenty-first annual report of the director of the United States Geological Survey, 1899-1900 - Part II - General geology, economic geology, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report 21-II, p. 331-392. https://doi.org/10.3133/ar21_2.[74] Holocene tephras in lake cores from northern British Columbia, Canada, 2008
Lakeman, T.R., Clague, J.J., Menounos, Brian, Osborn, G.D., Jensen, B.J.L., Froese, D.G., 2008, Holocene tephras in lake cores from northern British Columbia, Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 45, p. 935-947.[75] The 'AD 860' tephra in Scotland - new data from Langlands Moss, East Kilbride, 2002
Langdon, P.G., and Barber, K., 2002, The 'AD 860' tephra in Scotland - new data from Langlands Moss, East Kilbride: Quaternary Newsletter v. 97, p. 11-18.[76] Naatsilanei and Ko'ehdan: A semiotic analysis of two Alaska Native myths, 1990
Fast, P.A., 1990, Naatsilanei and Ko'ehdan: A semiotic analysis of two Alaska Native myths: Anchorage, Alaska, University of Alaska Anchorage, M.A. thesis, 374 p.[77] Geospatial distribution of tephra fall in Alaska: a geodatabase compilation of published tephra fall occurrences from the Pleistocene to the present, 2018
Mulliken, K.M., Schaefer, J.R., and Cameron, C.E., 2018, Geospatial distribution of tephra fall in Alaska: a geodatabase compilation of published tephra fall occurrences from the Pleistocene to the present: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 164, 46 p. http://doi.org/10.14509/29847[78] Extending the Applications of Tephrochronology in Northwestern North America, 2011
Dunning, H., 2011, Extending the Applications of Tephrochronology in Northwestern North America: University of Alberta M.S. Thesis, 187 p.[79] A Holocene tephrochronological framework for Finland, 2023
Kalliokoski, M., Guðmundsdóttir, E.R., Wastegård, S., Jokinen, S., and Saarinen, T., 2023, A Holocene tephrochronological framework for Finland: Quaternary Science Reviews v. 312, article no. 108173, 18 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108173.[80] Field trip guide for the International Field Conference and Workshop on Tephrochronology and Volcanism, 2005
Froese, D.G, Westgate, J.A., and Alloway, B.V., (eds.), 2005, Field trip guide for the International Field Conference and Workshop on Tephrochronology and Volcanism: Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Science Report 2005/26, Dawson City, Yukon Territory, Canada, July 31-August 8, 2005, 132 p.[81] Modern and ancient DNA reveal recent partial replacement of caribou in the southwest Yukon, 2010
Kuhn, T.S., McFarlane, K.A., Groves, Pamela, Mooers, A.O., and Shapiro, Beth, 2010, Modern and ancient DNA reveal recent partial replacement of caribou in the southwest Yukon: Molecular Ecology, v. 19, no. 7, p. 1312-1323, doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04565.x.[82] Identifying and sourcing pyrometamorphic artifacts: Clinker in subarctic North America and the hunter-gatherer response to a Late Holocene volcanic eruption, 2019
Kristensen, T.J., Andrews, T.D., MacKay, Glen, Gotthardt, Ruth, Lynch, S.C., Duke, M.L.M., Locock, A.J., and Ives, J.W., 2019, Identifying and sourcing pyrometamorphic artifacts: Clinker in subarctic North America and the hunter-gatherer response to a Late Holocene volcanic eruption: Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 23, p. 773-790.[83] Modern pollen assemblages and vegetational history of the moraines of the Klutlan Glacier and its surroundings, Yukon Territory, Canada, 1980
Birks, H.J.B., 1980, Modern pollen assemblages and vegetational history of the moraines of the Klutlan Glacier and its surroundings, Yukon Territory, Canada: Quaternary Research v. 14, no. 1, p. 101-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(80)90009-5.[84] Sraa Ko,ey Cha,lut Clut or No Sun and Lots of Ice, 1990
Isaac, Gerald R., 1990, Sraa Ko,ey Cha,lut Clut or No Sun and Lots of Ice: The Klondike Sun v. 1, no. 10, p. 6, February 8, 1990.
Full-text PDF 8 MB [85] Ethnographic and archaeological investigations of alpine ice patches in Southwest Yukon, Canada, 2004
Hare, P.G., Greer, S., Gotthardt, R., Farnell, R., Bowyer, V., Schweger, C., and Strand, D., 2004, Ethnographic and archaeological investigations of alpine ice patches in Southwest Yukon, Canada: Arctic v. 57, no. 3, p. 260-272. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic503.[86] The archaeology of Yukon ice patches - new artifacts, observations, and insights, 2012
Hare. G.P., Thomas, C.D., Topper, T.N., and Gotthardt, R.M., 2012, The archaeology of Yukon ice patches - new artifacts, observations, and insights: Arctic v. 65, no. 5, p. 118-135. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic4188.[87] Rapid technological change following the White River eruption and the Athapaskan migration from Yukon Territory, 2008
Froese, D., Buck, C.E., Clague, J.J., McColl, L.J., and Hare, P.G., 2008, Rapid technological change following the White River eruption and the Athapaskan migration from Yukon Territory, in Society for American Archaeology Annual Meeting, 73rd, Vancouver, British Columbia, 2008, Abstracts of the 73rd Annual Meeting: Vancouver, British Columbia, Society for American Archaeology, p. 209.Complete Eruption References
Evidence for magma heterogeneity in the White River Ash (Yukon Territory), 1985
Downes, Hilary, 1985, Evidence for magma heterogeneity in the White River Ash (Yukon Territory): Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences [Journal Canadien des Sciences de la Terre], v. 22, n. 6, p. 929-934.
Chemical complexity and source of the White River Ash, Alaska and Yukon, 2014
Preece, S.J., McGimsey, R.G., Westgate, J.A., Pearce, N.J.G., Hart, W.K., and Perkins, W.T., 2014, Chemical complexity and source of the White River Ash, Alaska and Yukon: Geosphere, v. 10, n.5., p. 1020-1042, doi: 10.1130/GES00953.1
Mount Churchill, Alaska: source of the late Holocene White River Ash, 1995
Richter, D. H., Preece, S. J., McGimsey, R. G., and Westgate, J. A., 1995, Mount Churchill, Alaska: source of the late Holocene White River Ash: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences [Journal Canadien des Sciences de la Terre], v. 32, n. 6, p. 741-748.
High-precision ultra-distal Holocene tephrochronology in North America, 2012
Pyne-O'Donnell, S.D.F., Hughes, P.D.M., Froese, D.G., Jensen, B.L., Kuehn, S.C., Mallon, Gunnar, Amesbury, M.J., Charman, D.J., Daley, T.J., Loader, N.J., Mauquoy, Dmitri, Street-Perrott, F.A., and Woodman-Ralph, Jonathan, 2012, High-precision ultra-distal Holocene tephrochronology in North America: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 52, p. 6-11, doi: 10.1016/j.quasicrev.2012.07.024
Transatlantic distribution of the Alaskan White River Ash, 2014
Jensen, B.J.L., Pyne-O'Donnell, Sean, Plunkett, Gill, Froese, D.G., Hughes, P.D.M., Sigl, Michael, McConnell, J.R., Amesbury, M.J., Blackwell, P.J., van den Bogaard, Christel, Buck, C.E., Charman, D.J., Clague, J.J., Hall, V.A., Koch, Johannes, Mackay, Helen, Mallon, Gunnar, McColl, Lynsey, and Pilcher, J.R., 2014, Transatlantic distribution of the Alaskan White River Ash: Geology, v. 42, n. 10, p. 875-878, doi:10.1130/G35945.1
Northern Athapaskan oral traditions and the White River volcano, 1992
Moodie, D. W., Catchpole, A. J. W., and Abel, Kerry, 1992, Northern Athapaskan oral traditions and the White River volcano: Ethnohistory, v. 39, n. 2, p. 148-171.
A postulated new source for the White River Ash, Alaska, 1992
McGimsey, R.G., Richter, D.H., DuBois, G.D., and Miller, T.P., 1992, A postulated new source for the White River Ash, Alaska, in Bradley, D.C. and Ford, A.B., eds., Geologic Studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1992, p. 212-218.
fulll-text PDF 618 KB 
Extending the Late Holocene White River Ash distribution, northwestern Canada, 2001
Robinson, S.D., 2001, Extending the Late Holocene White River Ash distribution, northwestern Canada: Arctic, v. 54, n. 2, p. 157-161.
Resedimentation of the late Holocene White River ash, Yukon Territory, Canada and Alaska, USA, 2007
West, K.D., 2007, Resedimentation of the late Holocene White River ash, Yukon Territory, Canada, and Alaska, USA: Carleton University Ph.D. dissertation, 269 p.
The White River ash: largest Holocene plinian tephra, 2008
Lerbekmo, J.F., 2008, The White River ash: largest Holocene plinian tephra: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 45, n. 6, p. 693-700.
An archaeological test of the effects of the White River Ash eruptions, 2012
Mullen, P.O., 2012, An archaeological test of the effects of the White River Ash eruptions: Arctic Anthropology, v. 49, p. 35-44.
The significance of volcanism in the prehistory of subarctic Northwest North America, 1979
Workman, W. B., 1979, The significance of volcanism in the prehistory of subarctic Northwest North America, in Sheets, P. D. and Grayson, D. K. (eds.), Volcanic activity and human ecology, New York, NY, Academic Press, p. 339-367.
Using cryptotephras to extend regional tephrochronologies: an example from southeast Alaska and implications for hazard assessment, 2008
Payne, Richard, Blackford, Jeffrey, and van der Plicht, Johannes, 2008, Using cryptotephras to extend regional tephrochronologies: an example from southeast Alaska and implications for hazard assessment: Quaternary Research, v. 69, n. 1, p. 42-55.
Identifying and sourcing pyrometamorphic artifacts: Clinker in subarctic North America and the hunter-gatherer response to a Late Holocene volcanic eruption, 2019
Kristensen, T.J., Andrews, T.D., MacKay, Glen, Gotthardt, Ruth, Lynch, S.C., Duke, M.L.M., Locock, A.J., and Ives, J.W., 2019, Identifying and sourcing pyrometamorphic artifacts: Clinker in subarctic North America and the hunter-gatherer response to a Late Holocene volcanic eruption: Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 23, p. 773-790.
Marine tephrochronology of the Mt. Edgecumbe Volcanic Field, Southeast Alaska, USA, 2010
Addison, J.A., Beget, J.E., Ager, T.A., and Finney, B.P., 2010, Marine tephrochronology of the Mt. Edgecumbe Volcanic Field, Southeast Alaska, USA: Quaternary Research, v. 73, n. 2, p. 277-292, doi: 10.1016/j.yqres.2009.10.007.
An ancient volcanic eruption in the upper Yukon basin, 1915
Capps, S. R., 1915, An ancient volcanic eruption in the upper Yukon basin: in Shorter contributions to general geology, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper PP 0095-D, p. 59-64.
full-text PDF 392 KB 
Along Alaska's Great River: A popular account of the travels of the Alaska Exploring Expedition of 1883, along the Great Yukon River, from its source to its mouth, in the British North-west Territory, and in the Territory of Alaska, 1885
Schwatka, F., 1885, Along Alaska's Great River: A popular account of the travels of the Alaska Exploring Expedition of 1883, along the Great Yukon River, from its source to its mouth, in the British North-west Territory, and in the Territory of Alaska: New York, Cassell, 360 p.
Full-text PDF 22.9 MB An expedition through the Yukon District, 1892
Hayes, C.W., 1892, An expedition through the Yukon District: The National Geographic Magazine v. 4, p. 117-162.
Full-text PDF 8.9 MB Report on an exploration in the Yukon district, N.W.T., and adjacent northern portion of British Columbia, 1887, 1887
Dawson, G.M., 1887, Report on an exploration in the Yukon District, Northwest Territories, and adjacent northern portion of British Columbia, 1887: Geological and National History Survey of Canada Annual Report 3(Part 1), 240 p.
Full-text PDF 10.2 MB A reconnaissance in the White and Tanana River Basins, Alaska, in 1898, 1900
Brooks, A.H., 1900, A reconnaissance in the White and Tanana River Basins, Alaska, in 1898: in Explorations in Alaska in 1898, U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report v. 20, n. 7, p. 425-494.
Full-text PDF 39 MB On a recent volcanic ash deposit Yukon Territory, 1960
Berger, A. R., 1960, On a recent volcanic ash deposit Yukon Territory: Geological Association of Canada Proceedings, v. 12, p.117-118.
Geology of northwest Shakwak Valley, Yukon Territory, 1952
Bostock, H.S., 1952, Geology of northwest Shakwak Valley, Yukon Territory: Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 267.
Mineral Resources of the Nabesna-White River District, Alaska, 1910
Moffit, F.H., and Knopf, A., 1910, Mineral resources of the Nabesna-White River District, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 417, 64 p.
Full-text PDF 5 MB Distribution, composition, and source of the White River Ash, Yukon Territory, 1969
Lerbekmo, J. F., and Campbell, F. A., 1969, Distribution, composition, and source of the White River Ash, Yukon Territory: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences [Journal Canadien des Sciences de la Terre], v. 6, n. 1, p. 109-116.
The Upper Chitina Valley, Alaska, 1918
Moffit, F.H., and Overbeck, R.M., 1918, The Upper Chitina Valley, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 675, 82 p.
Full-text PDF 7.8 MB Age of a widespread layer of volcanic ash in the southwestern Yukon Territory, 1964
Stuvier, M., Borns, Jr., H.W., and Denton, G.H., 1964, Age of a widespread layer of volcanic ash in the southwestern Yukon Territory: Arctic v. 17, no. 4, p. 259-261.
Application of particle size distribution to determination of source of a volcanic ash deposit, 1968
Lerbekmo, J.F., Hanson, L.W., and Campbell, F.A., 1968, Application of particle size distribution to determination of source of a volcanic ash deposit, in Proceedings of the 23rd International Geological Congress: Prague, 1968, p. 283-295.
Kluane Lake map-area Yukon Territory, 1958
Muller, J.E., 1958, Kluane Lake map-area Yukon Territory: Geological Survey of Canada Report and Map 19-1958, 9 p.
Holocene glacial and tree-line variations in the White River Valley and Skolai Pass, Alaska and Yukon Territory, 1977
Denton, G.H., and Karlen, W., 1977, Holocene glacial and tree-line variations in the White River Valley and Skolai Pass, Alaska and Yukon Territory: Quaternary Research, v. 7, p. 63-111, doi: 10.1016/0033-5894 (77)90014-X
Holocene glacial and tree-line variations in the White River Valley and Skolai Pass. Alaska and Yukon Territory - A discussion, 1978
Rampton, V.N., 1978, Holocene glacial and tree-line variations in the White River Valley and Skolai Pass. Alaska and Yukon Territory - A discussion: Quaternary Research v. 10, no. 1, p. 130-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(78)90017-0.
Lewes and Nordenskiöld Rivers coal district - Yukon Territory, 1910
Cairnes, D.D., 1910, Lewes and Nordenskiöld Rivers coal district - Yukon Territory: Geological Survey of Canada Memoirs 5, 70 p.
Full-text PDF 20 MB Upper White River district, Yukon, 1915
Cairnes, D.D., 1915, Upper White River district, Yukon: Geological Survey of Canada Memoirs 50, 191 p.
Full-text PDF 19.6 MB Geology of Teslin-Quiet Lake area, Yukon, 1936
Lees, E.J., 1936, Geology of Teslin-Quiet Lake area, Yukon: Geological Survey of Canada Memoirs 203, 30 p.
Full-text PDF 5.8 MB Quaternary geology and geomorphology, southern and central Yukon (northern Canada), 1972
Hughes, O.L., Rampton, V.N., and Rutter, N. W., 1972, Quaternary geology and geomorphology, southern and central Yukon (northern Canada): 24th International Geological Congress (Montreal), Guidebook, Field Excursion A11.
Full-text PDF 14.6 MB Traditions Indiennes du Canada Nord-Ouest, 1886
Petitot, E., 1886, Traditions Indiennes du Canada Nord-Ouest in Les Littératures Populaires de Toutes les Nations: Paris, Maisonneuve Fréres et ch. Leclerc, 521 p.
Full-text PDF 13.5 MB Ice cores from the St. Elias Mountains, Yukon, Canada: their significance for climate, atmospheric composition and volcanism in the north Pacific region, 2014
Zdanowicz, Christian, Fisher, David, Bourgeois, Jocelyne, Demuth, Mike, Zheng, James, Mayewski, Paul, Kreutz, Karl, Osterberg, Erich, Yalcin, Kaplan, Wake, Cameron, Steig, E.J., Froese, D.G., Goto-Azuma, Kumiko, 2014, Ice cores from the St. Elias Mountains, Yukon, Canada: their significance for climate, atmospheric composition and volcanism in the north Pacific region: Arctic, v. 67, Suppl. 1, p. 35-24.
The White River Ash - New evidence from the Bona-Churchill ice core record, 2004
Mashiotta, T.A., Thompson, L.G., and Davis, M.E., 2004, The White River Ash - New evidence from the Bona-Churchill ice core record [abs.]: in American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, Program, 2004, PP21A-1369.
Volcanic ash soils in the southern Yukon of Canada, 1982
Crampton, C. B., 1982, Volcanic ash soils in the southern Yukon of Canada: The Musk-Ox, v. 30, p. 81-84.
Decadal scale climate variability during the last millenium as recorded by the Bona Churchill and Quelccaya ice cores, 2009
Urmann, David, 2009, Decadal scale climate variability during the last millenium as recorded by the Bona Churchill and Quelccaya ice cores: Ohio State University Ph.D. dissertation, 281 p.
Full-text PDF 7.9 MB Guide to the volcanoes of the western Wrangell Mountains, Alaska - Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, 1995
Richter, D. H., Rosenkrans, D. S., and Steigerwald, M. J., 1995, Guide to the volcanoes of the western Wrangell Mountains, Alaska - Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2072, 31 p.
A reconnaissance from Pyramid Harbor to Eagle City, Alaska, including a description of the copper deposits of the upper White and Tanana rivers, 1900
Brooks, A.H., 1900, A reconnaissance from Pyramid Harbor to Eagle City, Alaska, including a description of the copper deposits of the upper White and Tanana rivers, in Walcott, C.D., Twenty-first annual report of the director of the United States Geological Survey, 1899-1900 - Part II - General geology, economic geology, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report 21-II, p. 331-392. https://doi.org/10.3133/ar21_2.
Holocene tephras in lake cores from northern British Columbia, Canada, 2008
Lakeman, T.R., Clague, J.J., Menounos, Brian, Osborn, G.D., Jensen, B.J.L., Froese, D.G., 2008, Holocene tephras in lake cores from northern British Columbia, Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 45, p. 935-947.
The 'AD 860' tephra in Scotland - new data from Langlands Moss, East Kilbride, 2002
Langdon, P.G., and Barber, K., 2002, The 'AD 860' tephra in Scotland - new data from Langlands Moss, East Kilbride: Quaternary Newsletter v. 97, p. 11-18.
The volcano in Athabascan oral narratives, 2008
Fast, P.A., 2008, The volcano in Athabascan oral narratives: Alaska Journal of Anthropology v. 6, no. 1-2, p. 131-140.
Naatsilanei and Ko'ehdan: A semiotic analysis of two Alaska Native myths, 1990
Fast, P.A., 1990, Naatsilanei and Ko'ehdan: A semiotic analysis of two Alaska Native myths: Anchorage, Alaska, University of Alaska Anchorage, M.A. thesis, 374 p.
Ethnographic and archaeological investigations of alpine ice patches in Southwest Yukon, Canada, 2004
Hare, P.G., Greer, S., Gotthardt, R., Farnell, R., Bowyer, V., Schweger, C., and Strand, D., 2004, Ethnographic and archaeological investigations of alpine ice patches in Southwest Yukon, Canada: Arctic v. 57, no. 3, p. 260-272. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic503.
Sraa Ko,ey Cha,lut Clut or No Sun and Lots of Ice, 1990
Isaac, Gerald R., 1990, Sraa Ko,ey Cha,lut Clut or No Sun and Lots of Ice: The Klondike Sun v. 1, no. 10, p. 6, February 8, 1990.
Full-text PDF 8 MB The archaeology of Yukon ice patches - new artifacts, observations, and insights, 2012
Hare. G.P., Thomas, C.D., Topper, T.N., and Gotthardt, R.M., 2012, The archaeology of Yukon ice patches - new artifacts, observations, and insights: Arctic v. 65, no. 5, p. 118-135. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic4188.
Geospatial distribution of tephra fall in Alaska: a geodatabase compilation of published tephra fall occurrences from the Pleistocene to the present, 2018
Mulliken, K.M., Schaefer, J.R., and Cameron, C.E., 2018, Geospatial distribution of tephra fall in Alaska: a geodatabase compilation of published tephra fall occurrences from the Pleistocene to the present: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 164, 46 p. http://doi.org/10.14509/29847
Extending the Applications of Tephrochronology in Northwestern North America, 2011
Dunning, H., 2011, Extending the Applications of Tephrochronology in Northwestern North America: University of Alberta M.S. Thesis, 187 p.
A Holocene tephrochronological framework for Finland, 2023
Kalliokoski, M., Guðmundsdóttir, E.R., Wastegård, S., Jokinen, S., and Saarinen, T., 2023, A Holocene tephrochronological framework for Finland: Quaternary Science Reviews v. 312, article no. 108173, 18 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108173.
Field trip guide for the International Field Conference and Workshop on Tephrochronology and Volcanism, 2005
Froese, D.G, Westgate, J.A., and Alloway, B.V., (eds.), 2005, Field trip guide for the International Field Conference and Workshop on Tephrochronology and Volcanism: Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Science Report 2005/26, Dawson City, Yukon Territory, Canada, July 31-August 8, 2005, 132 p.
The significance of volcanic ash in Greenland ice cores during the Common Era, 2023
Plunkett, G., Sigl, M., McConnell, J.R., Pilcher, J.R., and Chellman, N.J., 2023, The significance of volcanic ash in Greenland ice cores during the Common Era: Quaternary Science Reviews v. 301, 107936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107936
Full-text PDF 4.1 MB