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Sanford

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Leaflet U.S. Department of the Interior | U.S. Geological Survey | Policies

Facts

  • Official Name: Mount Sanford
  • Seismically Monitored: No
  • Color Code: UNASSIGNED
  • Alert Level: UNASSIGNED
  • Elevation: 4949m (16236ft)
  • Latitude: 62.2133
  • Longitude: -144.1295
  • Smithsonian VNum: 315010
  • Pronunciation:
  • Nearby Towns:
    • Chistochina 30 mi (48 km) NW
    • Slana 35 mi (56 km) NE
    • Gakona 38 mi (61 km) NW
    • Gulkana 41 mi (65 km) NW
    • Copper Center 42 mi (68 km) SW

    Distance from Anchorage: 201 mi (323 km)

Description

From Wood and Kienle (1990) [1] : "Mount Sanford, a very large dissected shield with an impressive bulbous top, is the highest volcano in the Wrangell volcanic field. Most of the upper part (>2,500 m) is covered by perennial snow and ice, making study and observation difficult. The principal "window" through the ice cap is the great amphitheater at the head of the Sanford Glacier which rises more than 2,400 m in less than 1,500 m. Data from unpublished geologic mapping around the volcano's base, and fly-by observations of the great amphitheater and other cirques, indicate that the upper part of Mount Sanford is a young feature, * * * that developed on a base of at least three coalescing andesitic shield volcanoes, referred to as the north, west, and south Sanford eruptive centers. The centers may contain shallow dacite and andesite intrusives, dike complexes, vent deposits, and may be the locus of linear rift vents; all centers are marked by topographic highs."

Name Origin

Mount Sanford was named in 1885 by Lieutenant Allen, for the Sanford family; his great-grandfather was Reuben Sanford (Orth, 1971).

References Cited

[1] Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada, 1990

Wood, C. A., and Kienle, Juergen, (eds.), 1990, Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada: New York, Cambridge University Press, 354 p.

Current Activity

No new updates for Sanford volcano since March 20, 2009, 12:06 pm.

Recent Updates

Color Code Timeline

Reported Activity

Modern Eruptions

6 Event Date(s)

Past Activity Legend:
Eruption
Questionable eruption
Non-eruptive activity


Showing 1 - 20 of 32

Map Images

Map References

Geologic map of the Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska, 2006

Richter, D.H., Preller, C.C., Labay, K.A., and Shew, N.B., compilers, 2006, Geologic map of the Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2877, 15 p., 1 plate, scale 1:350,000, available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2877/ .

Volcanoes of Alaska, 1998

Nye, C. J., Queen, Katherine, and McCarthy, A. M., 1998, Volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Information Circular IC 0038, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:4,000,000, available at http://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/pubs?reqtype=citation&ID=7043 .
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

Volcanoes of Alaska, 1995

Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 1995, Volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Information Circular IC 0038, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:4,000,000.

Geologic map of the Gulkana A-1 Quadrangle, south-central Alaska, 1994

Richter, D. H., Duffield, W. A., Sawyer, D. A., Schmoll, H. R., and Ratte, J. C., 1994, Geologic map of the Gulkana A-1 Quadrangle, south-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Geological Quadrangle Map GQ 1728, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:63,360.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

Geologic map of the Nabesna B-6 Quadrangle, south-central Alaska, 1993

Richter, D. H., Smith, J. G., Schmoll, H. R., and Smith, R. L., 1993, Geologic map of the Nabesna B-6 Quadrangle, south-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Geological Quadrangle Map GQ 1688, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:63,360.

Geologic map of the Gulkana B-1 quadrangle, south-central Alaska, 1989

Richter, D. H., Ratte, J. C., Schmoll, H. R., Leeman, W. P., Smith, J. G., and Yehle, L. A., 1989, Geologic map of the Gulkana B-1 quadrangle, south-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Geological Quadrangle Map GQ 1655, 1 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:63,360.

Map showing distribution, composition, and age of Late Cenozoic volcanic centers in Alaska, 1986

Luedke, R. G., and Smith, R. L., 1986, Map showing distribution, composition, and age of Late Cenozoic volcanic centers in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I 1091-F, unpaged, 3 sheets, scale 1:1,000,000.

Geologic map of the Nabesna quadrangle, Alaska, 1976

Richter, D. H., 1976, Geologic map of the Nabesna quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I 0932, unpaged, 1 plate, scale 1:250,000.

Geology of the central Copper River region, Alaska, 1905

Mendenhall, W. C., 1905, Geology of the central Copper River region, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper PP 0041, 133 p., 1 plate, scale 1:63,360.
plate 4 PDF 28.5 MB
plate 11 PDF 16 MB
plate 19 PDF 17.4 MB
plate 20 PDF 2.4 MB
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

References

Pleistocene to Holocene Volcanism in the Canadian Cordillera, 2023

Russell, J.K., Edwards, B.R., Williams-Jones, G., and Hickson, C., 2023, Pleistocene to Holocene Volcanism in the Canadian Cordillera: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences in press. Https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2023-0065.

Geologic database of information on volcanoes in Alaska (GeoDIVA), 2022

Cameron, C.E., Crass, S.W., and AVO Staff, eds, 2022, Geologic database of information on volcanoes in Alaska (GeoDIVA): Alaska Division of Geologic and Geophysical Surveys Digital Data Series 20, https://doi.org/10.14509/geodiva, https://doi.org/10.14509/30901.

Alaska Volcano Observatory image database, 2016

Cameron, C.E., and Snedigar, S.F., 2016, Alaska Volcano Observatory image database: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Digital Data Series 13, https://www.avo.alaska.edu/images/. https://doi.org/10.14509/29689.

2010 Volcanic activity in Alaska, Kamchatka, and the Kurile Islands - Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory, 2014

Neal, C.A., Herrick, J., Girina, O.,A., Chibisova, M., Rybin, A., McGimsey, R.G., and Dixon, J., 2014, 2010 Volcanic activity in Alaska, Kamchatka, and the Kurile Islands - Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5034, 76 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20145034 .

Preliminary database of Quaternary vents in Alaska, 2014

Cameron, C.E., and Nye, C.J., 2014, Preliminary database of Quaternary vents in Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 153, 11 p., doi:10.14509/27357 .

Preliminary spreadsheet of eruption source parameters for volcanoes of the world, 2009

Mastin, L.G., Guffanti, Marianne, Ewert, J.E., and Spiegel, Jessica, 2009, Preliminary spreadsheet of eruption source parameters for volcanoes of the world: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1133, v. 1.2, 25 p., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1133/ .

System for ranking relative threats of U.S. volcanoes, 2007

Ewert, John, 2007, System for ranking relative threats of U.S. volcanoes: Natural Hazards Review, v. 8, n. 4, p. 112-124.

Geologic map of the Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska, 2006

Richter, D.H., Preller, C.C., Labay, K.A., and Shew, N.B., compilers, 2006, Geologic map of the Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2877, 15 p., 1 plate, scale 1:350,000, available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2877/ .

An assessment of volcanic threat and monitoring capabilities in the United States: framework for a National Volcano Early Warning System NVEWS, 2005

Ewert, J.W., Guffanti, Marianne, and Murray, T.L., 2005, An assessment of volcanic threat and monitoring capabilities in the United States: framework for a National Volcano Early Warning System NVEWS: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1164, 62 p.
full-text PDF 2.90 MB

Volcanoes of the world: an illustrated catalog of Holocene volcanoes and their eruptions, 2003

Siebert, L., and Simkin, T., 2002-, Volcanoes of the world: an illustrated catalog of Holocene volcanoes and their eruptions: Smithsonian Institution, Global Volcanism Program Digital Information Series GVP-3, http://volcano.si.edu/search_volcano.cfm, unpaged internet resource.

Bibliography of information on Alaska volcanoes, 2003

Cameron, C. E., Triplehorn, J. H., and Robar, C. L., 2003, Bibliography of information on Alaska volcanoes: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication MP 131, 1 CD-ROM.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC file cabinet

A geologic guide to Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska: A tectonic collage of northbound terranes, 2000

Winkler, G. R., MacKevett, E. M. Jr., Plafker, George, Richter, D. H., Rosenkrans, D. S., and Schmoll, H. R., 2000, A geologic guide to Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska: A tectonic collage of northbound terranes: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper PP 1616, 166 p.
full-text PDF 48.5 MB
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

1997 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1999

McGimsey, R. G., and Wallace, K. L., 1999, 1997 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-0448, 42 p.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC file cabinet

Volcanoes of Alaska, 1998

Nye, C. J., Queen, Katherine, and McCarthy, A. M., 1998, Volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Information Circular IC 0038, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:4,000,000, available at http://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/pubs?reqtype=citation&ID=7043 .
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, 1997

Wilson, M. D., 1997, Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve: in Harris, A. G., Tuttle, E., and Tuttle, S., (eds.), Geology of national parks, Dubuque, IA, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, p. 392-406.

Volcanoes of the Wrangell Mountains and Cook Inlet Region, Alaska-selected photographs, 1996

Neal, Christina, and McGimsey, Robert, 1996, Volcanoes of the Wrangell Mountains and Cook Inlet Region, Alaska-selected photographs: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS 0039, 1 CD-ROM.

1993 volcanic activity in Alaska: summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1996

Neal, C. A., McGimsey, R. G., and Doukas, M. P., 1996, 1993 volcanic activity in Alaska: summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-0024, 21 p.
full-text PDF 1149 KB
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

Guide to the volcanoes of the western Wrangell Mountains, Alaska - Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, 1995

Richter, D. H., Rosenkrans, D. S., and Steigerwald, M. J., 1995, Guide to the volcanoes of the western Wrangell Mountains, Alaska - Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2072, 31 p.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

1994 volcanic activity in Alaska: summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1995

Neal, C. A., Doukas, M. P., and McGimsey, R. G., 1995, 1994 volcanic activity in Alaska: summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-0271, 18 p.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC file cabinet

Volcanoes of Alaska, 1995

Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 1995, Volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Information Circular IC 0038, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:4,000,000.

Geologic map of the Gulkana A-1 Quadrangle, south-central Alaska, 1994

Richter, D. H., Duffield, W. A., Sawyer, D. A., Schmoll, H. R., and Ratte, J. C., 1994, Geologic map of the Gulkana A-1 Quadrangle, south-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Geological Quadrangle Map GQ 1728, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:63,360.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

Quaternary volcanism in the Alaska Peninsula and Wrangell Mountains, Alaska, 1994

Miller, T. P., and Richter, D. H., 1994, Quaternary volcanism in the Alaska Peninsula and Wrangell Mountains, Alaska: in Plafker, George, Jones, D. L., and Berg, H. C., (eds.), The Geology of Alaska, Geological Society of America The Geology of North America series v. G-1, p. 759-779.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC file cabinet

Volcanism in the Canadian Cordillera: Canada's hazard response preparedness, 1994

Hickson, C. J., 1994, Volcanism in the Canadian Cordillera: Canada's hazard response preparedness: in Casadevall, T. J., (ed.), Volcanic ash and aviation safety: Proceedings of the first international symposium on volcanic ash and aviation safety, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2047, p. 47-55.

Volcanoes of the world [2nd edition], 1994

Simkin, Tom, and Siebert, Lee, 1994, Volcanoes of the world [2nd edition]: Tucson, Arizona, Geoscience Press, 349 p.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

Geologic map of the Nabesna B-6 Quadrangle, south-central Alaska, 1993

Richter, D. H., Smith, J. G., Schmoll, H. R., and Smith, R. L., 1993, Geologic map of the Nabesna B-6 Quadrangle, south-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Geological Quadrangle Map GQ 1688, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:63,360.

Can it happen here? A major volcanic eruption could occur in the Canadian Cordillera: it might significantly affect our environment, 1990

Hickson, C. J., 1990, Can it happen here? A major volcanic eruption could occur in the Canadian Cordillera: it might significantly affect our environment: Geos, v. 19, p. 1-7.

Age and progression of volcanism, Wrangell volcanic field, Alaska, 1990

Richter, D. H., Smith, J. G., Lanphere, M. A., Dalrymple, G. B., Reed, B. L., and Shew, N., 1990, Age and progression of volcanism, Wrangell volcanic field, Alaska: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 53, n. 1, p. 29-44.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC file cabinet

Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada, 1990

Wood, C. A., and Kienle, Juergen, (eds.), 1990, Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada: New York, Cambridge University Press, 354 p.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

Geologic map of the Gulkana B-1 quadrangle, south-central Alaska, 1989

Richter, D. H., Ratte, J. C., Schmoll, H. R., Leeman, W. P., Smith, J. G., and Yehle, L. A., 1989, Geologic map of the Gulkana B-1 quadrangle, south-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Geological Quadrangle Map GQ 1655, 1 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:63,360.

Source of the Sanford volcanic debris flow, south-central Alaska, 1988

Richter, D. H., Schmoll, H. R., and Bove, D. J., 1988, Source of the Sanford volcanic debris flow, south-central Alaska: in Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey during 1987, U.S. Geological Survey Circular C 1016, p. 114-116.

Map showing distribution, composition, and age of Late Cenozoic volcanic centers in Alaska, 1986

Luedke, R. G., and Smith, R. L., 1986, Map showing distribution, composition, and age of Late Cenozoic volcanic centers in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I 1091-F, unpaged, 3 sheets, scale 1:1,000,000.

The Wrangell WadBen zone, southern Alaska, 1984

Stephens, C. D., Fogleman, K. A., Lahr, J. C., and Page, R. A., 1984, The Wrangell WadBen zone, southern Alaska: Geology, v. 12, p. 373-376.

News in brief: The Nation [A massive landslide on Mt. Sanford], 1981

Associated Press, 1981, News in brief: The Nation [A massive landslide on Mt. Sanford]: LA Times, April 13, 1981, p. 2, part 1.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC file cabinet

Comprehensive tables giving physical data and thermal energy estimates for young igneous systems of the United States, 1978

Smith, R. L., Shaw, H. R., Luedke, R. G., and Russell, S. L., 1978, Comprehensive tables giving physical data and thermal energy estimates for young igneous systems of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-0925, p. 1-25.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

Geologic map of the Nabesna quadrangle, Alaska, 1976

Richter, D. H., 1976, Geologic map of the Nabesna quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I 0932, unpaged, 1 plate, scale 1:250,000.

Wrangell mountains, 1958

Black, R. F., 1958, Wrangell mountains: in Landscapes of Alaska, their geologic evolution, v. 1, Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, p. 30-33.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC file cabinet

Katalog der geschichtlichen vulkanausbruche, 1917

Sapper, Karl, 1917, Katalog der geschichtlichen vulkanausbruche: Strassburg, Germany, Karl J. Trubner, 358 p.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC file cabinet

Chemical analyses of igneous rocks, published from 1884 to 1913, inclusive, with a critical discussion of the character and use of analyses; a revision and expansion of Professional Paper 14, 1917

Washington, H. S., 1917, Chemical analyses of igneous rocks, published from 1884 to 1913, inclusive, with a critical discussion of the character and use of analyses; a revision and expansion of Professional Paper 14: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper PP 0099, 1201 p.

Conquering our greatest volcano, 1909

Dunn, Robert, 1909, Conquering our greatest volcano: Harper's Magazine, v. 118, p. 497-509.

Geology of the central Copper River region, Alaska, 1905

Mendenhall, W. C., 1905, Geology of the central Copper River region, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper PP 0041, 133 p., 1 plate, scale 1:63,360.
plate 4 PDF 28.5 MB
plate 11 PDF 16 MB
plate 19 PDF 17.4 MB
plate 20 PDF 2.4 MB
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

The gold and mineral resources of a portion of the Copper River District, Alaska, 1901

Schrader, F.C., and Spencer, A.C., 1901, The gold and mineral resources of a portion of the Copper River District, Alaska: Washington, Government Printing Office, 94 p.
Full-text PDF 10.6 MB

A reconnaissance of the Chitina River and the Skolai Mountains, Alaska, 1900

Rohn, Oscar, 1900, A reconnaissance of the Chitna River and the Skolai Mountains, Alaska, in Walcott, C.D., Twenty-first annual report of the director of the United States Geological Survey, 1899-1900 - Part II - General geology, economic geology, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report 21-II, p. 393-440. https://doi.org/10.3133/ar21_2.

Before an eruption

Ashfall & Preparedness Information

During and After an Eruption

Other Useful Links

Ash Forecasting

Mathematical models developed by the USGS forecast various aspects of how a volcanic ash plume will interact with wind—where, how high, and how fast ash particles will be transported in the atmosphere, as well as where ash will fall out and accumulate on the ground. AVO runs these models when a volcano is restless by assuming a reasonable hypothetical eruption, to provide a pre-eruptive forecast of areas likely to be affected. During an ongoing eruption, AVO will update the forecast with actual observations (eruption start time and duration, plume height) as they become available.

View the current airborne ash cloud models for Sanford

Ashfall thickness forecast

The Ash3d model was developed by the USGS to forecast how a volcanic ash plume will interact with wind and where ash will fall out and accumulate on the ground. AVO runs these models twice daily when a volcano is restless by assuming a reasonable hypothetical eruption altitude and duration. The map shows the model results of ashfall thickness for areas that are likely to be affected, if one were to occur. During an ongoing eruption, AVO will update the forecast with actual observations (eruption start time and duration, plume height) as they become available, and these plots will be automatically updated. The National Weather Service Anchorage Forecast Office will issue the official ashfall warning product and post them at weather.gov/afc

THESE PRODUCTS MAY NOT BE CURRENT.

During an actual eruption, see National Weather Service forecasts of ashfall:https://weather.gov/afc.

Ashfall Forecast

Click on the X on the graphic (upper right) to expand the map to show the map legend.

Ashfall Start Time

This map shows the modeled estimate of the time it would take for ashfall to begin following an eruption. It corresponds to the ashfall thickness forecast map shown above. This map uses the start time of either the twice-daily hypothetical model runs (time shown in the legend) or the actual eruption start time (if one were to occur). In the case of an actual eruption, the National Weather Service Anchorage Forecast Office will issue the official ashfall warning product that includes the ashfall start time and post them at weather.gov/afc

THESE PRODUCTS MAY NOT BE CURRENT.

During an actual eruption, see National Weather Service forecasts of ashfall:https://weather.gov/afc.

Ashfall Start Times Forecast

Click on the X on the graphic (upper right) to expand the map to show the map legend.
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