Fourpeaked

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Facts


  • Official Name: Fourpeaked Mountain
  • Seismically Monitored: No
  • Color Code: UNASSIGNED
  • Alert Level: UNASSIGNED
  • Elevation: 2104m (6902ft)
  • Latitude: 58.7703
  • Longitude: -153.6738
  • Smithsonian VNum: 312260
  • Pronunciation:
  • Nearby Towns:
    • Port William 44 mi (71 km) SE
    • Aleneva 59 mi (95 km) SE
    • Kokhanok 60 mi (97 km) NW
    • Afognak 62 mi (100 km) SE
    • Pope-Vannoy Landing 62 mi (99 km) NW

    Distance from Anchorage: 213 mi (344 km)

Description

From Wood and Kienle (1990) [1] : "Fourpeaked Mountain consists of small isolated volcanic exposures surrounded by the Fourpeaked Glacier. The exposures are found along ridge crests and cliff faces on the sides of ridges that radiate out from the ice-covered summit. Lava flows are interlayered with volcanic agglomerate in the isolated exposures.
"Orientation of lava flows suggests the present summit of Fourpeaked is probably the vent for Fourpeaked volcano. Extensive hydrothermal alteration of rocks in this area is consistent with this vent location.
"Fourpeaked is known only from limited reconnaissance studies. The lavas are porphyritic andesite."

Name Origin

"Fourpeaked Mountain" is a descriptive name, transladed from "G[ora] Chetyrekglavaya" by George Davidson, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. "Gora Chetyrekglavaya" means "four-headed mountain," and was published by Tebenkov in 1852. The Russian Hydrographic Department had previously published "G[ora] Chetyrekh," meaning "mountain of four heads" in 1847. This may be a mountain called "Saint Dolmat" on a 1748 Russian manuscript map (Wagner, 1937; Orth, 1971).


References Cited

[1] Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada, 1990

Wood, C. A., and Kienle, Juergen, (eds.), 1990, Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada: New York, Cambridge University Press, 354 p.

Current Activity

No new updates for Fourpeaked volcano since February 7, 2014, 3:45 pm.

Color Code Timeline

Reported Activity

Modern Eruptions

Frosty

Frosty Eruption Timeline

McGimsey and others (2004) report that a rock fall was possibly mistaken for a volcanic eruption at Frosty during the summer of 2001. Their report: "AVO received several reports during the 2001 summer of possible eruptive activity at Frosty volcano. NWS observer in Cold Bay, Craig Eckert, took photos of what he described as an intermittent steam plume emanating from Frosty on July 8, 2001[See figure 8 in original text]. Inspection of records from nearby seismic networks revealed nothing unusual. Two days later, State Trooper pilot, Ron Kmiecik, reported atypical bare rock and dark material at the summit of Frosty, but no venting, steaming, or evidence of melting, specifically mentioning the absence of debris trails or channeling or melted snow. He described the material as a 'brown, rusty * * * not black and ashy like at Pavlof and Shishaldin, like red dust or crushed powder.' In the next several weeks, AVO received a couple of similar reports from local residents and pilots as well as inquiries about the possibility of impending volcanic activity. Craig Eckert reported on August 16 that on the previous day a strong sulfur smell enveloped Cold Bay when the wind was blowing from the southwest (i.e. from the direction of Frosty), and he sent additional photographs to AVO [See figure 9A-C in original text]. On August 28, 2001, AVO scientists working in the area flew over the volcano and observed nothing unusual and no indication of recent volcanic unrest. They noted that snow levels were uncharacteristically low - likely owing to the unusually warm summer - exposing the summit rocks for the first time in many years. The newly exposed rocks at the summit, and the possibility (likelihood) of minor rock fall avalanches may have been the cause for mistaken signs of volcanic unrest. They noticed no major landslide deposits, no unusual discoloration, and no sulfur odor."

Frosty avalanche 2016

November 12, 2016

From Cameron and others (2020): "Eruptive activity and volcanic unrest were not observed at Frosty Peak in 2016, but residents 15 km (9 mi) to the northeast in Cold Bay, Alaska, reported an avalanche to AVO on November 12. Cold Bay resident Michael Livingston sent AVO photographs of the avalanche and rockfall taken by Happy Kremer (fig. 24). These images show that a small part of Frosty Peak's bedrock spire collapsed and formed a prominent linear debris avalanche track across the snow.
"The Aviation Color Code and Volcanic Alert Level remained UNASSIGNED, because Frosty Peak is not seismically monitored by AVO and the avalanche was not initiated by volcanic activity. On November 14, AVO released an Information Statement about the event stating that, 'The collapse is not due to volcanic activity and was likely the result of the failure of unstable, altered, and weakened rock that makes up the summit of the volcano. Similar rock, ice, and snow avalanches have occurred previously at Frosty, most recently in 2001 (McGimsey and others, 2004).'"

Frosty 2001

Frosty avalanche 2016

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3 Event Date(s)

Past Activity Legend:
Eruption
Questionable eruption
Non-eruptive activity


Showing 1 - 20 of 200

Map Images


Map References


Recently active volcanoes of Alaska, 2023

Cameron, C.E., Bull, K.F., and Macpherson, A.E., 2023, Recently active volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 133 v. 6, 2 sheets. https://doi.org/10.14509/31086.

Historically active volcanoes of Alaska, v. 3, 2018

Cameron, C.E., Schaefer, J.R., and Mulliken, K.M., 2018, Historically active volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 133 v. 3, 2 sheets. Http://doi.org/10.14509/30142

Historically active volcanoes of Alaska, 2014

Schaefer, J.R., Cameron, C.E., and Nye, C.J., 2014, Historically active volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 133 v. 1.2, 1 sheet, scale 1:3,000,000. This publication has been superseded. Newest version available at http://www.dggs.alaska.gov/pubs/id/20181 .

Preliminary geologic map of the Cook Inlet Region, Alaska - including parts of the Talkeetna, Talkeetna Mountains, Tyonek, Lake Clark, Kenai, Seward, Iliamna, Seldovia, Mount Katmai, and Afognak 1:250,000-scale Quadrangles, 2009

Wilson, F.H., Hults, C.P., Schmoll, H.R., Haeussler, P.J., Schmidt, J.M., Yehle, L.A., and Labay, K.A., compilers; digital files prepared by Wilson, F.H., Hults, C.P., Labay, K.A., and Shew, Nora, 2009, Preliminary geologic map of the Cook Inlet Region, Alaska - including parts of the Talkeetna, Talkeetna Mountains, Tyonek, Lake Clark, Kenai, Seward, Iliamna, Seldovia, Mount Katmai, and Afognak 1:250,000-scale Quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1108, scale 1:250:000, available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1108/ .

Volcanoes of Alaska, 1998

Nye, C. J., Queen, Katherine, and McCarthy, A. M., 1998, Volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Information Circular IC 0038, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:4,000,000, available at http://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/pubs?reqtype=citation&ID=7043 .
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

Volcanoes of Alaska, 1995

Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 1995, Volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Information Circular IC 0038, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:4,000,000.

Geothermal resources of the Aleutian Arc, 1993

Motyka, R. J., Liss, S. A., Nye, C. J., and Moorman, M. A., 1993, Geothermal resources of the Aleutian Arc: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Professional Report PR 0114, 17 p., 4 sheets, scale 1:1,000,000.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

Quaternary geologic map of the Mount Katmai quadrangle and adjacent parts of the Naknek and Afognak quadrangles, Alaska, 1993

Riehle, J. R., and Detterman, R. L., 1993, Quaternary geologic map of the Mount Katmai quadrangle and adjacent parts of the Naknek and Afognak quadrangles, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I 2032, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:250,000.

Map showing potassium-argon ages from the Mount Katmai and adjacent parts of the Naknek and Afognak quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1992

Shew, Nora, and Lanphere, M. A., 1992, Map showing potassium-argon ages from the Mount Katmai and adjacent parts of the Naknek and Afognak quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF 2021-E, unpaged, 1sheet, scale 1:250,000.

Map showing distribution, composition, and age of Late Cenozoic volcanic centers in Alaska, 1986

Luedke, R. G., and Smith, R. L., 1986, Map showing distribution, composition, and age of Late Cenozoic volcanic centers in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I 1091-F, unpaged, 3 sheets, scale 1:1,000,000.

References

Tephra samples and analyses from Cook Inlet source volcanoes and Anchor Point, Alaska, 2024

Loewen, M.W., Wallace, Kristi, Coombs, M.L., and Mulliken, K.M., 2023, Tephra samples and analyses from Cook Inlet source volcanoes and Anchor Point, Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Raw Data File 2023-25, 4 p. https://doi.org/10.14509/31090

Proximity to active volcanoes enhances glacier velocity, 2024

Mallalieu, J., Barr, I.D., Spagnolo, M., Mullan, D.J., Symeonakis, E., Edwards, B.R., and Martin, M.D., 2024, Proximity to active volcanoes enhances glacier velocity: Communications Earth & Environment v. 5, 679. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01826-5
Full-text PDF 1.3 MB

Recently active volcanoes of Alaska, 2023

Cameron, C.E., Bull, K.F., and Macpherson, A.E., 2023, Recently active volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 133 v. 6, 2 sheets. https://doi.org/10.14509/31086.

Understanding drivers of mercury in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), a top-predator fish in southwest Alaska's parklands, 2023

Bartz, K.K., Hannam, M.P., Wilson, T.L., Lepak, R.F., Ogorek, J.M., Young, D.B., Eagles-Smith, C.A., and Krabbenhoft, D.P., 2023, Understanding drivers of mercury in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), a top-predator fish in southwest Alaska's parklands: Environmental Pollution v. 330, 121678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121678
Full-text PDF 3.8 MB

Geologic database of information on volcanoes in Alaska (GeoDIVA), 2022

Cameron, C.E., Crass, S.W., and AVO Staff, eds, 2022, Geologic database of information on volcanoes in Alaska (GeoDIVA): Alaska Division of Geologic and Geophysical Surveys Digital Data Series 20, https://doi.org/10.14509/geodiva, https://doi.org/10.14509/30901.

Quantifying eruptive and background seismicity, deformation, degassing, and thermal emissions at volcanoes in the United States during 1978-2020, 2021

Reath, K., Pritchard, M.E., Roman, D.C., Lopez, T., Carn, S., Fischer, T.P., Lu, Z., Poland, M.P., Vaughan, R.G., Wessels, R., Wike, L.L., and Tran, H.K., 2021, Quantifying eruptive and background seismicity, deformation, degassing, and thermal emissions at volcanoes in the United States during 1978-2020: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, v. 126, e2021JB021684, doi: 10.1029/2021JB021684.

Historically active volcanoes of Alaska, v. 4, 2020

Cameron, C.E., Schaefer, J.R., and Ekberg, P.G., 2020, Historically active volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 133 v. 4, 2 sheets. Http://doi.org/10.14509/30426

Catalog of earthquake parameters and description of seismograph and infrasound stations at Alaskan volcanoes - January 1, 2013, through December 31, 2017, 2019

Dixon, J.P., Stihler S.D., Haney, M.M., Lyons, J.J., Ketner, D.M., Mulliken, K.M., Parker, T., and Power, J.A., 2019, Catalog of earthquake parameters and description of seismograph and infrasound stations at Alaskan volcanoes - January 1, 2013, through December 31, 2017: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 1115, 92 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds1115.

A unified catalog of earthquake hypocenters and magnitudes at volcanoes in Alaska: 1989 to 2018, 2019

Power, J.A., Friberg, P.A., Haney, M.M., Parker, T., Stihler, S.D., and Dixon, J.P., 2019, A unified catalog of earthquake hypocenters and magnitudes at volcanoes in Alaska—1989 to 2018: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2019–5037, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195037.

Geochemistry of some Quaternary lavas from the Aleutian Arc and Mt. Wrangell, 2018

Nye, C.J., Beget, J.E., Layer, P.W., Mangan, M.T., McConnell, V.S., McGimsey, R.G., Miller, T.P., Moore, R.B., and Stelling, P.L., 2018, Geochemistry of some quaternary lavas from the Aleutian Arc and Mt. Wrangell: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Raw Data File 2018-1, 29 p. http://doi.org/10.14509/29843

The Alaska Volcano Observatory: 30 years of protecting Alaskans from the effects of volcanic activity (1988-2018), 2018

Mulliken, K.M., 2018, The Alaska Volcano Observatory: 30 years of protecting Alaskans from the effects of volcanic activity (1988-2018): Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Information Circular 67, 2 p. http://doi.org/10.14509/30032

The influence of tectonic environment on dynamic earthquake triggering: a review and case study on Alaskan volcanoes, 2018

Prejean, S.G., and Hill, D.P., 2018, The influence of tectonic environment on dynamic earthquake triggering: a review and case study on Alaskan volcanoes: Tectonophysics, v. 745, p. 293-304, doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.08.007.

2018 update to the U.S. Geological Survey national volcanic threat assessment, 2018

Ewert, J.W., Diefenbach, A.K., and Ramsey, D.W., 2018, 2018 update to the U.S. Geological Survey national volcanic threat assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018-5140, 40 p., https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5140/sir20185140.pdf.

Historically active volcanoes of Alaska, v. 3, 2018

Cameron, C.E., Schaefer, J.R., and Mulliken, K.M., 2018, Historically active volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 133 v. 3, 2 sheets. Http://doi.org/10.14509/30142

Volcanic impacts on modern glaciers: a global synthesis, 2018

Barr, I.D., Lynch, C.M., Mullan, Donal, De Siena, Luca, and Spagnolo, Matteo, 2018, Volcanic impacts on modern glaciers: a global synthesis: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 182, p. 186-203, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.04.008.

2014 Volcanic activity in Alaska - Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory, 2017

Cameron, C.E., Dixon, J.P., Neal, C.A., Waythomas, C.F., Schaefer, J.R., and McGimsey, R.G., 2017, 2014 Volcanic activity in Alaska - Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2017-5077, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175077.
full-text PDF 6.8 MB

Historically active volcanoes of Alaska, 2016

Cameron, C.E., and Schaefer, J.R., 2016, Historically active volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 133 v. 2, 1 sheet, scale 1:3,000,000. http://doi.org/10.14509/20181

Alaska Volcano Observatory image database, 2016

Cameron, C.E., and Snedigar, S.F., 2016, Alaska Volcano Observatory image database: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Digital Data Series 13, https://www.avo.alaska.edu/images/. https://doi.org/10.14509/29689.

2013 Volcanic activity in Alaska - summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory, 2015

Dixon, J.P., Cameron, Cheryl, McGimsey, R.G., Neal, C.A., and Waythomas, Chris, 2015, 2013 Volcanic activity in Alaska - Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5110, 92 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155110.

Historically active volcanoes of Alaska, 2014

Schaefer, J.R., Cameron, C.E., and Nye, C.J., 2014, Historically active volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 133 v. 1.2, 1 sheet, scale 1:3,000,000. This publication has been superseded. Newest version available at http://www.dggs.alaska.gov/pubs/id/20181 .

Regional controls on volcano seismicity along the Aleutian Arc, 2014

Buurman, Helena, Nye, C.J., West, M.E., and Cameron, Cheryl, 2014, Regional controls on volcano seismicity along the Aleutian Arc: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, doi:10.1002/2013GC005101

2010 Volcanic activity in Alaska, Kamchatka, and the Kurile Islands - Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory, 2014

Neal, C.A., Herrick, J., Girina, O.,A., Chibisova, M., Rybin, A., McGimsey, R.G., and Dixon, J., 2014, 2010 Volcanic activity in Alaska, Kamchatka, and the Kurile Islands - Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5034, 76 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20145034 .

2012 Volcanic activity in Alaska: Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory, 2014

Herrick, J.A., Neal, C.A., Cameron, C.E., Dixon, J.P., and McGimsey, R.G., 2014, 2012 Volcanic activity in Alaska: Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5160, 82p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20145160.

Preliminary database of Quaternary vents in Alaska, 2014

Cameron, C.E., and Nye, C.J., 2014, Preliminary database of Quaternary vents in Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 153, 11 p., doi:10.14509/27357 .

InSAR imaging of Aleutian volcanoes, 2014

Lu, Zhong, and Dzurisin, Daniel, 2014, InSAR imaging of Aleutian volcanoes: Chichester, UK, Springer-Praxis, 390 p.

A volcanic activity alert-level system for aviation: review of its development and application in Alaska, 2013

Guffanti, Marianne, and Miller, Tom, 2013, A volcanic activity alert-level system for aviation: review of its development and application in Alaska: Natural Hazards, 15 p., doi:0.1007/s11069-013-0761-4
full-text pdf 359 kb

Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2012, 2013

Dixon, J.P., Stihler, S.D, Power, J.A., Haney, Matt, Parker, Tom, Searcy, C.K., and Prejean, Stephanie, 2013, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 789, 84 p., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/789/ .
full-text pdf 6.5 MB

Katmai scientific studies, 2012

Winfree, Robert, with contributions from Bacon, C.R., Bennett, A.J., Bennington, Ninfa, Berg, E.E., Brooks, Margi, Coletti, H.A., Coombs, M.L., Fierstein, Judy, Freeburg, Gary, Frost, G.V., Haney, Matthew, Jorgenson, M.T., Miller, A.E., Moran, Seth, Murphy, Rachel, Partnow, Patricia, Paskievitch, John, Stevens, D.P., Powell, Lee, Power, John, Prejean, S.G., Schaaf, Jeanne, Sherriff, R.L., Thurber, Clifford, and Welchman, R.A., 2012, Katmai science studies: Alaska Park Science Journal, v. 11, n. 1, 96 p., available online at http://www.nps.gov/akso/nature/science/ak_park_science/volume_11_issue_1.cfm .

Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2011, 2012

Dixon, J.P., Stihler, S.D., Power, J.A., and Searcy, C.K., 2012, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 730, 82 p., available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/730/pdf/ds730.pdf .

Evidence of magma intrusion at Fourpeaked volcano, Alaska in 2006-2007 from a rapid-response seismic network and volcanic gases, 2011

Gardine, Matt, West, Michael, Werner, Cynthia, and Doukas, Michael, 2011, Evidence of magma intrusion at Fourpeaked volcano, Alaska in 2006-2007 from a rapid-response seismic network and volcanic gases: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 200, p. 192-200, doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.11.018.

2007 Volcanic activity in Alaska, Kamchatka, and the Kurile Islands: Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory, 2011

McGimsey, R.G., Neal, C.A., Dixon, J.P., Malik, Nataliya, and Chibisova, Marina, 2011, 2007 Volcanic activity in Alaska, Kamchatka, and the Kurile Islands: Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5242, 110 p. Available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5242/ .

Gas emission from failed and actual eruptions from Cook Inlet Volcanoes, Alaska, 1989-2006, 2011

Werner, C.A., Doukas, M.P., and Kelly, P.J., 2011, Gas emission from failed and actual eruptions from Cook Inlet Volcanoes, Alaska, 1989-2006: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 73, n. 2, p. 155-173, doi: 10.1007/s00445-011-0453-4 .

Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2010, 2011

Dixon, J.P., Stihler, S.D., Power, J.A., and Searcy, C.K., 2011, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 645, 82 p., available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/645/

Gas emissions from failed and actual eruptions from Cook Inlet volcanoes, Alaska, 1989-2006, 2011

Werner, C.A., Doukas, M.P., and Kelly, P.J., 2011, Gas emissions from failed and actual eruptions from Cook Inlet volcanoes, Alaska, 1989-2006, in Roman, D.C., Moran, S.C., and Newhall, Chris (eds.), Failed eruptions: Late-stage cessation of magma ascent: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 73, p. 155-173.

Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2009, 2010

Dixon, J.P., Stihler, S.D., Power, J.A., and Searcy, C.K., 2010, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 531, 84 p., available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/531/ .

Geophysical Institute, 2007-2010 report, 2010

University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, 2010, Geophysical Institute, 2007-2010 report: 48 p., available online at http://www.gi.alaska.edu/admin/info/gireport

Tracing the movement and storage of magma in the crust through seismology: examples from Alaska and western Mexico, 2010

Gardine, M.D., Tracing the movement and storage of magma in the crust through seismology: examples from Alaska and western Mexico: University of Alaska Fairbanks Ph.D. dissertation, 96 p.

2006 Volcanic activity in Alaska, Kamchatka, and the Kurile Islands: Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory, 2009

Neal, C.A., McGimsey, R.G., Dixon, J.P., Manevich, Alexander, and Rybin, Alexander, 2009, 2006 Volcanic activity in Alaska, Kamchatka, and the Kurile Islands: Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5214, 102 p., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5214/ .

Preliminary geologic map of the Cook Inlet Region, Alaska - including parts of the Talkeetna, Talkeetna Mountains, Tyonek, Lake Clark, Kenai, Seward, Iliamna, Seldovia, Mount Katmai, and Afognak 1:250,000-scale Quadrangles, 2009

Wilson, F.H., Hults, C.P., Schmoll, H.R., Haeussler, P.J., Schmidt, J.M., Yehle, L.A., and Labay, K.A., compilers; digital files prepared by Wilson, F.H., Hults, C.P., Labay, K.A., and Shew, Nora, 2009, Preliminary geologic map of the Cook Inlet Region, Alaska - including parts of the Talkeetna, Talkeetna Mountains, Tyonek, Lake Clark, Kenai, Seward, Iliamna, Seldovia, Mount Katmai, and Afognak 1:250,000-scale Quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1108, scale 1:250:000, available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1108/ .

Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2008, 2009

Dixon, J.P., and Stihler, S.D., 2009, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 467, 88 p., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/467/ .

Near-real-time volcanic ash cloud detection: Experiences from the Alaska Volcano Observatory, 2009

Webley, P.W., Dehn, J., Lovick, J., Dean, K.G., Bailey, J.E., and Valcic, L., 2009, Near-real-time volcanic ash cloud detection: Experiences from the Alaska Volcano Observatory: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 186, n. 1-2, p. 79-90, doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.02.010 .

Infrasonic ambient noise interferometry from correlations of microbaroms, 2009

Haney, M.M., 2009, Infrasonic ambient noise interferometry from correlations of microbaroms: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 36, n. L19808, 5 p., doi: 10.1029/2009GL04017 .
full-text PDF 277 KB

Chronology and references of volcanic eruptions and selected unrest in the United States, 1980-2008, 2009

Diefenbach, A.K., Guffanti, Marianne, and Ewert, J.W., 2009, Chronology and references of volcanic eruptions and selected unrest in the United States, 1980-2008: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1118, 85 p., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1118/ .

Preliminary spreadsheet of eruption source parameters for volcanoes of the world, 2009

Mastin, L.G., Guffanti, Marianne, Ewert, J.E., and Spiegel, Jessica, 2009, Preliminary spreadsheet of eruption source parameters for volcanoes of the world: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1133, v. 1.2, 25 p., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1133/ .

Historically active volcanoes of Alaska reference deck, 2009

Snedigar, S.F., and Cameron, C.C., 2009, Historically active volcanoes of Alaska reference deck: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Information Circular 59, 52 p, available to order from http://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/pubs?reqtype=citation&ID=20401 .

Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2006, 2008

Dixon, J.P., Stihler, S.D., Power, J.A., and Searcy, Cheryl, 2008, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2006: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 326, 79 p., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/326/ .

The Alaska Volcano Observatory - 20 years of volcano research, monitoring, and eruption response, 2008

Schaefer, J.R., and Nye, Chris, 2008, The Alaska Volcano Observatory - 20 years of volcano research, monitoring, and eruption response: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Alaska GeoSurvey News, NL 2008-001, v. 11, n. 1, p. 1-9, available at http://wwwdggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/pubs?reqtype=citation&ID=16061 .

20th anniversary of the Alaska Volcano Observatory, 2008

University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, 2008, 20th anniversary of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: University of Alaska Geophysical Institute pamphlet, 2 p.

Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2007, 2008

Dixon, J.P., Stihler, S.D. and Power, J.A., 2008, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 367, 82 p., available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/367/ .

Gas emissions related to heightened activity at Fourpeaked Volcano, 2006-2007, Katmai National Park, Alaska, 2008

Werner, C., Doukas, M., Cervelli, P., Carn, S.A., 2008. Gas emissions related to heightened activity at Fourpeaked Volcano, 2006-2007, Katmai National Park, Alaska [abs.]: IAVCEI 2008 Abstracts, August 17-22, Reykjavik, Iceland, p. 33.

Gas emissions from failed and successful eruptions in Alaska, 1990-2006, 2008

Werner, C., Doukas, M., and Staff, A., 2008, Gas emissions from failed and successful eruptions in Alaska, 1990-2006 [abs.]: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 89, n. 53, 1 p.

System for ranking relative threats of U.S. volcanoes, 2007

Ewert, John, 2007, System for ranking relative threats of U.S. volcanoes: Natural Hazards Review, v. 8, n. 4, p. 112-124.

Fourpeaked, 2007

Smithsonian Institution, 2007, Fourpeaked: Bulletin of Global Volcanism Network, v. 31, n. 9, September 2007, available at http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1102-26-&volpage=var .

A compilation of gas emission-rate data from volcanoes of Cook Inlet (Spurr, Crater Peak, Redoubt, Iliamna, and Augustine) and Alaska Peninsula (Douglas, Fourpeaked, Griggs, Mageik, Martin, Peulik, Ukinrek Maars, and Veniaminof), Alaska, from 1995-2006, 2007

Doukas, M.P., and McGee, K.A., 2007, A compilation of gas emission-rate data from volcanoes of Cook Inlet (Spurr, Crater Peak, Redoubt, Iliamna, and Augustine) and Alaska Peninsula (Douglas, Fourpeaked, Griggs, Mageik, Martin, Peulik, Ukinrek Maars, and Veniaminof), Alaska, from 1995-2006: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1400, 13 p., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1400/ .

The style of water-magma mixing and its effect on the dynamics of volcanic plumes, 2007

Mastin, L.G., 2007, The style of water-magma mixing and its effect on the dynamics of volcanic plumes [abs.]: Geological Society of America - Abstracts with Programs, v. 39, n. 4, p. 21.

Satellite measurement of glaciers on volcanoes in Alaska: building an inventory of ice extent and hazards, 2007

Wessels, Rick, Neal, C.A., Waythomas, Christopher, Huggel, Christian, and Dean, Ken, 2007, Satellite measurement of glaciers on volcanoes in Alaska: building an inventory of ice extent and hazards [abs.]: Geological Society of America - Abstracts with Programs, v. 39, n. 4, p. 20.

Alaska Volcano Observatory: outreach, education, and communication, one eruption at a time, 2006

Adleman, J.N., Snedigar, S., and Wallace, K., 2006, Alaska Volcano Observatory: outreach, education, and communication, one eruption at a time [abs.]: Geological Society of Americal Abstracts with Program, v. 38, n. 7, p. 516, available on the World Wide Web at http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2006AM/finalprogram/abstract_113524.htm

The National Volcano Early Warning System (NVEWS), 2006

Ewert, John, Guffanti, Marianne, Cervelli, Peter, and Quick, James, 2006, The National Volcano Early Warning System (NVEWS): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS 2006-3142, 2 p., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3142 .

Volcanoes of the world: an illustrated catalog of Holocene volcanoes and their eruptions, 2003

Siebert, L., and Simkin, T., 2002-, Volcanoes of the world: an illustrated catalog of Holocene volcanoes and their eruptions: Smithsonian Institution, Global Volcanism Program Digital Information Series GVP-3, http://volcano.si.edu/search_volcano.cfm, unpaged internet resource.

Bibliography of information on Alaska volcanoes, 2003

Cameron, C. E., Triplehorn, J. H., and Robar, C. L., 2003, Bibliography of information on Alaska volcanoes: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication MP 131, 1 CD-ROM.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC file cabinet

The great eruption of 1912, 2002

Adleman, Jennifer, 2002, The great eruption of 1912: National Park Service Alaska Park Science Winter 2002, Anchorage, AK, http://www.arlis.org/docs/vol1/52558645/52558645v1no1.pdf , p. 4-11.
full-text PDF 1.6 MB
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC file cabinet

Volcanoes of Alaska, 1998

Nye, C. J., Queen, Katherine, and McCarthy, A. M., 1998, Volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Information Circular IC 0038, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:4,000,000, available at http://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/pubs?reqtype=citation&ID=7043 .
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

Volcanoes of the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands selected photographs, 1997

Neal, Christina, and McGimsey, R. G., 1997, Volcanoes of the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands selected photographs: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS 0040, 1 CD-ROM.

Stratigraphic framework of the Alaska Peninsula, 1996

Detterman, R. L., Case, J. E., Miller, J. W., Wilson, F. H., and Yount, M. E., 1996, Stratigraphic framework of the Alaska Peninsula: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1969-A, 74 p.
full-text PDF 2.7 MB

Volcanoes of Alaska, 1995

Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 1995, Volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Information Circular IC 0038, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:4,000,000.

Mesozoic macrofossil locality map, checklists, and pre-Quaternary stratigraphic section of the Mt. Katmai and adjacent parts of the Afognak and Naknek quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1995

Miller, J.W., Elder, W.P., and Detterman, R.L., 1995, Mesozoic macrofossil locality map, checklists, and pre-Quaternary stratigraphic section of the Mt. Katmai and adjacent parts of the Afognak and Naknek quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2021-G, 3 sheets. https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2021G

Volcanic eruptions and tsunami generation in the eastern Aleutian arc: the geologic record, 1994

Beget, J. E., 1994, Volcanic eruptions and tsunami generation in the eastern Aleutian arc: the geologic record [abs.]: Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, v. 26, n. 7, p. A138.

Mineral-resource assessments in Alaska: background information to accompany maps and reports about geology and undiscovered-mineral-resource potential of the Mount Katmai quadrangle and adjacent parts of the Naknek and Afognak quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula, 1994

Riehle, J. R., Church, S. E., Detterman, R. L., and Miller, J. W., 1994, Mineral-resource assessments in Alaska: background information to accompany maps and reports about geology and undiscovered-mineral-resource potential of the Mount Katmai quadrangle and adjacent parts of the Naknek and Afognak quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula: U.S. Geological Survey Circular C 1106, 13 p.

Volcanoes of the world [2nd edition], 1994

Simkin, Tom, and Siebert, Lee, 1994, Volcanoes of the world [2nd edition]: Tucson, Arizona, Geoscience Press, 349 p.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

Quaternary volcanism in the Alaska Peninsula and Wrangell Mountains, Alaska, 1994

Miller, T. P., and Richter, D. H., 1994, Quaternary volcanism in the Alaska Peninsula and Wrangell Mountains, Alaska: in Plafker, George, Jones, D. L., and Berg, H. C., (eds.), The Geology of Alaska, Geological Society of America The Geology of North America series v. G-1, p. 759-779.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC file cabinet

Geothermal resources of the Aleutian Arc, 1993

Motyka, R. J., Liss, S. A., Nye, C. J., and Moorman, M. A., 1993, Geothermal resources of the Aleutian Arc: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Professional Report PR 0114, 17 p., 4 sheets, scale 1:1,000,000.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

Quaternary geologic map of the Mount Katmai quadrangle and adjacent parts of the Naknek and Afognak quadrangles, Alaska, 1993

Riehle, J. R., and Detterman, R. L., 1993, Quaternary geologic map of the Mount Katmai quadrangle and adjacent parts of the Naknek and Afognak quadrangles, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I 2032, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:250,000.

Map showing potassium-argon ages from the Mount Katmai and adjacent parts of the Naknek and Afognak quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, 1992

Shew, Nora, and Lanphere, M. A., 1992, Map showing potassium-argon ages from the Mount Katmai and adjacent parts of the Naknek and Afognak quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF 2021-E, unpaged, 1sheet, scale 1:250,000.

Resource assessment of the Mount Katmai 1x2 deg quadrangle and adjacent parts of the Naknek and Afognak quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula, 1991

Riehle, J. R., Church, S. E., and Magoon, L. B., 1991, Resource assessment of the Mount Katmai 1x2 deg quadrangle and adjacent parts of the Naknek and Afognak quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula [abs.]: in Good, E. G., Slack, J. F., and Kotra, R. K., (eds.), USGS Research on Mineral Resources-1991 Program and Abstracts, U.S. Geological Survey Circular C 1062, p. 65-66.

Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada, 1990

Wood, C. A., and Kienle, Juergen, (eds.), 1990, Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada: New York, Cambridge University Press, 354 p.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

Map showing distribution, composition, and age of Late Cenozoic volcanic centers in Alaska, 1986

Luedke, R. G., and Smith, R. L., 1986, Map showing distribution, composition, and age of Late Cenozoic volcanic centers in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I 1091-F, unpaged, 3 sheets, scale 1:1,000,000.

Magmatism and subduction in the eastern Aleutian Arc, 1983

Kienle, J., Swanson, S. E., and Pulpan, H., 1983, Magmatism and subduction in the eastern Aleutian Arc: in Shimozuru, D. and Yokoyama, I., (eds.), Arc volcanism: physics and tectonics, IAVCEI symposium, Proceedings, Tokyo and Hakone, Japan, Aug. 3l -Sept. 5, 1981, Tokyo, Terra Scientific Publishing Co., p. 191-224.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC file cabinet

Volcanism in the eastern Aleutian Arc: late Quaternary and Holocene centers, tectonic setting and petrology, 1983

Kienle, Juergen, and Swanson, S. E., 1983, Volcanism in the eastern Aleutian Arc: late Quaternary and Holocene centers, tectonic setting and petrology: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 17, n. 1-4, p. 393-432.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC file cabinet

Plate subduction and volcanism in the eastern Aleutian Arc: 2, Petrology, 1982

Swanson, S. E., and Kienle, Juergen, 1982, Plate subduction and volcanism in the eastern Aleutian Arc: 2, Petrology [abs.]: Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, v. 14, n. 7, p. 628.

The Aleutians, 1982

Marsh, B. D., 1982, The Aleutians: in Thorpe, R. S., (ed.), Andesites: orogenic andesites and related rocks, Chichester, United Kingdom, John Wiley & Sons, p. 99-114.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC file cabinet

Volcanic centers in the Katmai area, Alaska, 1981

Kienle, Juergen, Swanson, S. E., and Pulpan, Hans, 1981, Volcanic centers in the Katmai area, Alaska [abs.]: Eos, v. 62, n. 17, p. 430.

Volcanoes of the world, 1981

Simkin, Tom, Siebert, Lee, McClelland, Lindsay, Bridge, David, Newhall, Christopher, and Latter, J. H., 1981, Volcanoes of the world: Stroudsburg, PA, Hutchinson Publishing Company, 233 p.

Comprehensive tables giving physical data and thermal energy estimates for young igneous systems of the United States, 1978

Smith, R. L., Shaw, H. R., Luedke, R. G., and Russell, S. L., 1978, Comprehensive tables giving physical data and thermal energy estimates for young igneous systems of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-0925, p. 1-25.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

Gravity survey in the general area of the Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 1968

Kienle, Juergen, 1968, Gravity survey in the general area of the Katmai National Monument, Alaska: University of Alaska Fairbanks Ph.D. dissertation, 151 p.

Microearthquake study of Mount Katmai and vicinity, Alaska, 1967

Matumoto, Tosimatu, and Ward, P. L., 1967, Microearthquake study of Mount Katmai and vicinity, Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 72, n. 10, p. 2557-2568.

Alaska Peninsula-Aleutian Islands, 1958

Powers, H. A., 1958, Alaska Peninsula-Aleutian Islands: in Williams, H., (ed.), Landscapes of Alaska, Los Angeles, CA, University of California Press, p. 61-75.

Magnificent Katmai, 1952

Sumner, Lowell, 1952, Magnificent Katmai: Sierra Club Bulletin, v. 37, n. 10, p. 29-51.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC file cabinet

United States coast pilot, Alaska Part 2, Yakutat Bay to Arctic Ocean, 1947

U.S. Department of Commerce, and Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1947, United States coast pilot, Alaska Part 2, Yakutat Bay to Arctic Ocean: Washington DC, United States Government Printing Office, 659 p.

Past volcanic activity in the Aleutian arc,

Coats, R. R., Past volcanic activity in the Aleutian arc: U.S. Geological Survey Volcano Investigations Report 1, 18 p.
full-text PDF 22.3 MB
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC file cabinet

Ash Forecasting

Mathematical models developed by the USGS forecast various aspects of how a volcanic ash plume will interact with wind—where, how high, and how fast ash particles will be transported in the atmosphere, as well as where ash will fall out and accumulate on the ground. AVO runs these models when a volcano is restless by assuming a reasonable hypothetical eruption, to provide a pre-eruptive forecast of areas likely to be affected. During an ongoing eruption, AVO will update the forecast with actual observations (eruption start time and duration, plume height) as they become available.

View the current airborne ash cloud models for Fourpeaked

Ashfall thickness forecast

The Ash3d model was developed by the USGS to forecast how a volcanic ash plume will interact with wind and where ash will fall out and accumulate on the ground. AVO runs these models twice daily when a volcano is restless by assuming a reasonable hypothetical eruption altitude and duration. The map shows the model results of ashfall thickness for areas that are likely to be affected, if one were to occur. During an ongoing eruption, AVO will update the forecast with actual observations (eruption start time and duration, plume height) as they become available, and these plots will be automatically updated. The National Weather Service Anchorage Forecast Office will issue the official ashfall warning product and post them at weather.gov/afc

THESE PRODUCTS MAY NOT BE CURRENT.

During an actual eruption, see National Weather Service forecasts of ashfall:https://weather.gov/afc.

Ashfall Forecast

Click on the X on the graphic (upper right) to expand the map to show the map legend.

Ashfall Start Time

This map shows the modeled estimate of the time it would take for ashfall to begin following an eruption. It corresponds to the ashfall thickness forecast map shown above. This map uses the start time of either the twice-daily hypothetical model runs (time shown in the legend) or the actual eruption start time (if one were to occur). In the case of an actual eruption, the National Weather Service Anchorage Forecast Office will issue the official ashfall warning product that includes the ashfall start time and post them at weather.gov/afc

THESE PRODUCTS MAY NOT BE CURRENT.

During an actual eruption, see National Weather Service forecasts of ashfall:https://weather.gov/afc.

Ashfall Start Times Forecast

Click on the X on the graphic (upper right) to expand the map to show the map legend.
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